Lecture 88 - Preschool Age Group 2020 PDF

Growth & Development Preschooler age group T: RONZA AL -TEETE L ECTURE 8 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 1 The preschool period traditionally includes ages 3, 4, and 5 years. Although physical growth slows considera...

Growth & Development Preschooler age group T: RONZA AL -TEETE L ECTURE 8 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 1 The preschool period traditionally includes ages 3, 4, and 5 years. Although physical growth slows considerably during this period, personality and cognitive growth are significant. Most children of this age want to do things for themselves, which puts them at risk of injury. Thus, the role of the parents is to promote the safety for their child because they still need help 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 2 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 3 definite change in body contour occurs during the preschool years. The wide gait, prominent lordosis, and protuberant abdomen of the toddler change to slimmer, taller , and much more childlike proportions. Contour changes are so definite that future body type ectomorphic(slim body build) or endomorphic(large body build) becomes apparent. A major step forward is a child's ability to learn extended language, which is achieved not only by motor but also by cognitive development. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 4  Lymphatic tissue begins to increase in size, particularly the tonsils, and levels of IgG and IgA antibodies increase.  These changes tend to make preschool illnesses more localized(E.g. an upper respiratory infection remains localized to the nose with little systemic fever). Physiologic splitting of heart sounds may be present for the first time on auscultation. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 5 Innocent heart murmurs may also be heard for the first time. Due to the changing size of the heart in reference to the thorax as the chest reach adult proportions.  Pulse rate decreases to about 85 bpm. blood pressure holds at about 100/60 mm Hg. The bladder is easily palpable above the symphysis pubis; voiding is frequent enough (9 or 10times a day). Muscles are noticeably stronger and make activities such as gymnastics possible. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 6 Many children at the beginning of the period exhibit genu valgus (knock-knees); this disappears with increased skeletal growth at the end of the preschool period. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 7 Weight gain is slight during the preschool years: the average child gains only about (2 kg) a year. Appetite remains as it was during the toddler years, which is considerably less than some parents would like or expect. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 8 Height gain is also minimal during this period: only (6 to 8 cm) a year on average. Head Circumferences not routinely measured at physical assessments on children over 2 years of age 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 9 Teeth Children generally have all 20 of their deciduous teeth by3 years of age. Rarely do new teeth erupt during the preschool period. Preschools are egocentric: they define objects related to themselves. E.g. the car is not a transport material, instead it ―what mom use to take me to school‖. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 10 Language Development 3-year -old child has a vocabulary of about 900 words. These are used to ask questions constantly, up to 400 a day, mostly ―how‖ and ―why‖ questions. A child needs simple answers to such questions so curiosity, vocabulary building, and questioning are encouraged. They enjoy participating in mealtime conversation & imitate language exactly. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 11  engage in play and bath with language converse using descriptions, simple questions, and expansion let fluency precede over accuracy use playful songs Use correct names Ask open ended questions Express feelings in words 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 12 Preschoolers do not need many toys. They imitate what they see parents doing, So they enjoy games that use imitation, such as playing house. Many preschoolers have imaginary friends as a normal part of having an active imagination. These often exist until children formally begin school. Four-and 5-year-olds divide their time between rough-housing and imitative play. Five-year-olds are also interested in group games or songs they have learned in nursery school or preschool 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 13 Imitation Preschoolers need free restraint to imitate the roles of the people around them. role playing should be fun and does not have to be accurate. e.g. they imitate the role of police officer as a fire man. Parents should help & engage in plying or activity but should not ask the child to imitate them. Fantasy Toddlers cannot differentiate between fantasy and reality; Preschoolers begin to make this differentiation. However , they become afraid they have lost their own identity or have become ―stuck‖ in their fantasies. So the parents should both supporting the fantasy and yet reassuring a child she is still himself. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 14 Gender Roles They should exposure to an adult of opposite gender. so they can become familiar with opposite gender roles. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 15 Socialization A child who live with other child or exposed to other children than his parent, have more socialization than other child who live just with his parents. Although 4-year -olds continue to enjoy play groups, they may become involved in arguments more than they did at age 3. Five-year-olds begin to develop ―best‖ friendships, perhaps on the basis of who they walk to school with or who lives closest to them. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 16 Cognitive Development Because preschoolers do not have mental substitution skills, they feel they are always right. preschoolers are not yet aware of the property of conservation. This means that if they have two balls of clay of equal size, but one is squashed flatter and wider than the other , preschoolers will insist the flatter one is bigger (because it is wider ) or that the intact one is bigger (because it is taller ). 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 17 Moral and Spiritual Development Children of preschool age determine right from wrong based on their parents' rules. They have little understanding of the rationale for these rules or even whether the rules are consistent. If asked the question, ―Why is it wrong to hit other children?‖ the average preschooler answers, ―Because my mother says it 's wrong Preschoolers begin to have an elemental concept of Allah if they have been provided some form of religious training. Belief in an outside force aids in the development of principles 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 18 Preschooler Promoting Safety By age 4, children may project an attitude of independence and the ability to take care of their own needs. They still need supervision to be certain they do not injure themselves or other children. Because preschoolers imitate adult roles so well, they may imitate taking medicine if they see family members doing so. A good rule for parents is never to take medicine in front of children. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 19 Nursing Outcome Evaluation: Walking, climbing, jumping, and running Riding a tricycle or bicycle with training wheels Building a tower of 10 blocks Drawing a person with 3 parts Using short paragraphs with sentences of 4 or 5 words Distinguishing fantasy from reality Singing a song Giving first and last name 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 20 5 years Walking, climbing, and running with coordination Dressing self independently Drawing a person with head, body, arms, and legs Copying a triangle or square Counting using fingers Speaking in short paragraphs, with recognition of most alphabet letters Giving own address and phone number Following rules of interactive peer games 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 21  Summary of Preschool Growth and Development Age (years ) Fine Motor Gross Motor Language Play 3  Undresses self  Runs;  Vocabulary  Able to take  stacks tower of  alternates feet of 900 words turns; blocks on stairs  very  draws a cross  rides tricycle imaginative  stands on one foot 4  Can do simple  Constantly in  Vocabulary  Pretending buttons motion; jumps; of 1,500 words is major skips activity 5  Draws a 6-part  Throws  Vocabulary Likes games man; can lace overhand of 2,100 words with shoes numbers or letters 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 22 Keeping Children Safe, Strong, and Free Preschool age is a good time to educate children about their safety , which includes: Warning a child never to talk with or accept a ride from a stranger Teaching a child how to call for help in an emergency (yelling or dialing the emergency No.) Describing what police officers look like and explaining that police officers can help in an emergency situation. Explaining the good secrete and the bad one 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 23 Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Safety Head injury is the major cause of death in the preschool age. So Educate parents to put their children in the back with seat belts on 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 24 Promoting Nutritional Health Offering small servings of food is a good idea, so a child is not overwhelmed by the amount on a plate. urge parents to make snacks nutritious( fruit, cheese, or milk rather than cookies and a soft drink). Teach parents to make mealtime a happy and enjoyable part of the day for everyone. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 25 Promoting the Preschooler in Daily Activities Dressing: Dressed themselves. Exposure to experience to choose their clothes. They may have mismatched clothes. Sleep: They do not want nap at morning. Refuse sleep because fear of dark. Night walking from nightmares or terrors reaches its peak. this means that preschoolers may need a night light. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 26 Promoting the Preschooler in Daily Activities Exercise: The preschool period is an active phase. Bathing: As needed, day over day. Care of the teeth: The tooth brush should be started. Drink fluoridated water or receive a prescribed oral fluoride supplement Try to decrease candy & sweet intake. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 27 Night Grinding Grinding the teeth at night (usually during sleep), is a habit of many young children. It can be caused by: Present of tension. Child anxiety. Child with cerebral palsy of spasticity of jaw muscles. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 28  Discipline Preschoolers have opinions on things such as what they want to eat, where they want to go, and what they want to wear. This may bring them into opposition with their parents. So ―Timeout‖ is a good technique to correct behavior for parents throughout the preschool years. Beating should be never use as a disciple method, instead other method can be used such as letting the child taking responsibilities of his own action. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 29  Common Fears of the Preschooler Because preschoolers' imagination is so active, this can lead to a number of fears. Fears of the dark, mutilation, and separation or abandonment are all very real to a preschooler. Fear of the Dark The tendency to fear the dark is an example of a fear heightened by a child's vivid imagination: a stuffed toy by daylight becomes a threatening monster in the dark. Children awaken screaming because of nightmares. They may be reluctant to go to bed or to go back to sleep by themselves unless a light is left on 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 30 Fear of Mutilation Fear of mutilation is also significant during the preschool age, as revealed by the intense reaction of a preschooler to even a simple injury such as falling and scraping a knee. A child cries afterward not only from the pain but also from the sight of the injury. Part of this fear arises because preschoolers do not know which body parts are essential and which ones—like an inch of scraped skin—can be easily replaced. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 31 Fear of Separation For some children, it intensifies because their keen imagination allows them to believe they are being isolated when they are not. Relating time and space to something a child knows, such as meals, television shows, or a friend's house, is most effective. For example, stating, ―Mommy will pick you up from preschool after you have had your snack‖ or showing a child the work site might be morecomforting 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 32 Behavior Variation Telling tall tales Imagining friends. Difficulty of sharing. Regression. Sibling rivalry. Brocken fluency. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 33 Telling Tall Tales Stretching stories to make them seem more interesting is a phenomenon frequently encountered in this age group. Caution parents not to encourage this kind of storytelling, but instead help a child separate fact from fiction by saying, That 's a good story, but now tell me what really happened. This conveys the idea a child has not told the truth, yet does not squash imagination or initiative. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 34 Imaginary Friends Many preschoolers have an imaginary friend who plays with them. Parents can help their preschooler separate fact from fantasy about their imaginary friend by saying, ―I know rasha isn't real , but if you want to pretend, I'll set a place for him.‖ This response helps a child understand what is real and what is fantasy without restricting a child's imagination or creativity 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 35 Difficulty Sharing Sharing is a concept that first comes to be understood around the age of 3 years. Before this, children engage in parallel play Around 3 years of age, children begin to understand that some things are theirs, some belong to others, and some can belong to both. Sharing does not come easily, however; children who are ill or under stress have even greater difficulty with it than usual. Assure parents that sharing is a difficult concept to grasp and that , as with most skills, preschoolers need practice to understand and learn it. Defining limits and exposing children to these three categories (mine, yours, ours) helps them determine which objects belong to which category 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 36  Regression Some preschoolers, generally in relation to stress, revert to behavior they previously outgrew, such as thumb sucking, negativism, loss of bladder control, and inability to separate from their parents. Help parents understand that regression in these circumstances is normal , and a child's thumb sucking is little different from the parents' reaction to stress (smoking many cigarettes, nail biting, overeating), to make it easier for them to accept and understand. Obviously, removing the stress is the best way to help a child discontinue this behavior. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 37 competition Jealousy of a brother or sister may first become evident during the preschool period, partly because this is the first time that children have enough vocabulary to express how they feel (know a name to call ) and partly because preschoolers are more aware of family roles and how responsibilities at home are divided. parents find the problem of jealousy is bigger than they anticipated and welcome a few suggestions about how to provide more time for their preschooler during the day and which activities a preschooler would especially enjoy. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 38  Broken Fluency Developing language is such a complicated process that children from 2 to 6 years of age typically have some speech difficulty that parents may interpret as stuttering A child may begin to repeat words or syllables, saying, ―I -I-I want a n-n-new spoon spoon-spoon.‖ This is called broken fluency(repetition and prolongation of sounds, syllables, and words). It is often referred to as secondary stuttering because a child begins to speak without this problem and then, during the preschool years, develops it. It is a part of normal development and, if accepted as such, will pass it is resolved most quickly 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 39 Preparing for a New Sibling Introduction of a new sibling is such a major happening that parents need to take special steps to be certain their preschooler will be prepared. There is no rule as to when this preparation should begin, but it should be before the time a child begins to feel the difference the new baby will make. This is perhaps when the mother first begins to look pregnant. Preparing a Child for School At the end of the preschool period, children will begin a formal school experience as they enter kindergarten 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 40  Sex Education Children during the preschool age become acutely aware of the difference between boys and girls, possibly because: –it is a normal progression in development –this may be the first time in their lives they are exposed to the genitalia of the opposite sex as they watch while a new brother or sister has diapers changed –they see other children using the bathroom at a preschool –or they see a parent nude Explanations should be just as simple: ―Boys look different from girls. The An important part of sex education for preschoolers is teaching them to avoid sexual abuse, such as not allowing anyone to touch their body unless they agree it is all right. 20 ،‫ آذار‬18 RONZA AL-TEETE 41