Pharmacy Orientation Lecture 7 PDF

Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation PT 101...

Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation PT 101 Lecture No. 7 Dr/ Doaa Helal Associate prof. of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy ,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Course Objectives After completing this course, students should be able to: Describe the mission of pharmacy, role of pharmacist in society, the responsibility of pharmacist and the skills required to become a pharmacist. Compare between various pharmacy careers and educational requirements. Identify pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of administration. Read the prescription and determine the medication errors. Perform accurate pharmaceutical calculations. Learn about prescription and its contents. Know the ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements in the fields of pharmacy. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm D Program 4- Liquid dosage forms (2023/2024) (a) Solutions (b) Suspensions (c) Emulsions (a) Solutions  A solution is a homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in another liquid and represents a group of preparations in which the molecules of the solute (the dissolved substance) are dispersed among those of the solvent. The common dosage forms of solutions are: (1) Syrups: - They are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, usually sucrose. - Flavored syrups are a convenient form for masking disagreeable tastes. (2) Elixirs: - These are sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and usually accommodate less amount of water. The main ingredients of elixirs are ethanol and water. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4 (3) Tinctures: Pharm D Program - They are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions containing herbal extracts. (2023/2024) (4) Gargles: - They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections. - Usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use. (5) Mouthwashes: - These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth. (6) Nasal solutions: - Aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays. - They are used to produce a local effect such as to reduce nasal congestion or to produce a systemic effect in many diseases. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm D Program (b) Suspensions (2023/2024)  A suspension is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersion in a liquid. Insoluble drug could be formulated as suspensions for oral use, topical use and for parenteral use. Suspensions have many advantages such as: - For patients who have difficulty in swallowing solid dosage forms. - Suitable dosage form when the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble. - Mask unpleasant taste. - For drugs that are unstable in an aqueous medium. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm D Program (c) Emulsions (2023/2024)  An emulsion is a two phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids; one of them is dispersed uniformly throughout the other.  The liquid that is dispersed into small droplets is called the dispersed or internal or discontinuous phase.  The other liquid is called dispersion medium or external or continuous phase.  The system in which the oil is the dispersed phase and an aqueous phase solution is the continuous phase is known as an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.  On the other hand, when water on an aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or an oleaginous material is the continuous phase, the system is known as water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7 Advantages : Pharm D Program (2023/2024) - Increase the stability of many drugs which are unstable in aqueous solutions. - The appearance of oleaginous materials intended for topical application is usually improved when formulated in an emulsion form. - Prolonged drug action. Disadvantages: - Oils are liable for rancidity. - Poor physical stability because the globules of the dispersed liquid tend to coalesce to form large globules until all the dispersed globules have coalesced, to overcome this problem an emulsifying agent is added. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  5- Sterile dosage forms Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (a) Parenteral preparations (injectable preparations)  These are sterile dosage forms containing one or more medicaments and designed for parenteral administration.  Injections are sterile solutions, suspensions or emulsions and are usually classified into: aqueous or non- aqueous.  Powders for injections are sterile solid substances to be dissolved or suspended by adding a prescribed volume of the appropriate sterile fluid. The solution or suspension is usually prepared immediately prior to use to avoid deterioration of the product on storage.  Intravenous infusions are sterile aqueous solutions or emulsions, free from pyrogen and usually made isotonic with blood. They do not contain added antimicrobial preservatives or buffering agents and are designed for intravenous administration in volumes usually greater than 10-15 ml. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm D Program When compared to other dosage forms, injections possess a number of advantages such as: (2023/2024) - Immediate physiological action in case of emergency can be provided by the intravenous injection of an aqueous solution. - Drugs can be administered parentrally when they can not be given orally because of the unconscious or uncooperative state of the patient or because of lack of absorption in the intestinal tract. (b) Ophthalmic preparations - Ophthalmic preparations are sterile, isotonic, buffered products essentially free from foreign particles, suitably compounded and packaged for instillation into the eye. Ophthalmic preparations include solutions, suspensions and ointments. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm D Program THE PRESCRIPTION (2023/2024) The prescription is an order for medication issued by a physician, dentist or other properly licensed medical practitioner. Other prescribers who have limited scopes of practice can also be licensed to prescribe medications. For example a veterinarian may prescribe only for animals. Prescriptions provide a specific medication and dosage to be administered to a particular patient at a specified time. The Pharmacist's Responsibilities 1. Provide the pharmaceutical care that meets the medication needs of the patient. 2. Provide the patient with the necessary information and guidance to assure the patient's compliance in taking the medication properly. 3. Advise the prescriber of drug sensitivities the patient may have, previous adverse drug reactions (ADRs), or other medications that the patient may be taken that may alter the effectiveness or safety of the newly or previously prescribed medications. 4. Establish and maintain the trust of the prescriber and the patient. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm D Program (2023/2024)  To meet these responsibilities it is essential that the pharmacist maintains a high level of practice and knows the medication history of his patients and develops professional working relationship with other health professionals.  The prescription order is a part of the professional relationship among the prescriber, the pharmacist and the patient.  An important part of this relationship includes maintaining confidentiality. The medication being taken by a patient and the nature of his illness is a private matter that must be respected. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm D Program Classification of Medications (2023/2024) There are two broad classifications of medications: 1- Prescription drugs: Those that can be obtained only by prescription. Medications that may be dispensed legally only on prescription. 2- Nonprescription drugs or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs: Those that may be purchased without a prescription. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) References For any questions feel free Kevin M.G. Taylor, Michael E. Aulton editors. Aulton's Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture to contact me by mail [email protected] of Medicines. 6th Edition - May 14, 2021 Loyd V. Allen , Jr. Timothy B. McPherson. Ansel's pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;. 12th Edition November 15, 2021 Dr EMAN EL WAHSH 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14