Local Architecture Lecture (1960-1980) PDF

University of Nawraoz Dep. ofArchitecture Local Ar c h i t ec t ur e Lec. 7+8 Ar c h i t e c t u r a l styles i n t h e 60s to 80s BY : Ameer Sulaiman Contents ❖ Introduction ❖ Architectural Styles 1960-1980 Arc...

University of Nawraoz Dep. ofArchitecture Local Ar c h i t ec t ur e Lec. 7+8 Ar c h i t e c t u r a l styles i n t h e 60s to 80s BY : Ameer Sulaiman Contents ❖ Introduction ❖ Architectural Styles 1960-1980 Architecture Sympathetic to International Style CrownArchitecture InternationalArchitecture Sympathetic to LocalArchitecture HeritageArchitecture Sympathetic to International Style The Local HeritageArchitecture The Ornate HeritageArchitecture ❖ Main Characteristic ❖ Examples ❖ Conclusions Introduction ❖ The architectural practices in this period were characterised by Iraqi architects' attitudes who strived to embody the identity of the local environment by conscious use of the vocabulary of this environment that stemmed from: Climatic considerations, Local materials, Traditional expertise and aesthetic architectural formations. ❖ The architects’ works aspired to be an effective means of enriching the national culture to educate and improve the local aesthetic taste and positively shape the public perception to understand cultural phenomena. Introduction ❖ The dealing of architects with the vocabulary of architectural heritage within the principles of modern architecture in this stage led to the emergence of architectural styles that differ according to the method of the architect's expression of the local identity, which is reflected in their works. ❖ The work of Iraqi architects at this stage was more mature and profound than in other stages, as the architectural profession was organized as architectural bureaus besides the establishment of the Iraqi Engineers Syndicate. ❖ So, there were many bureaus of well-known architects such as Hisham Mounir, Qahtan Awni, Abdullah Ihsan Kamel, Refa'a Chadirji, Qahtan Al Madfai, Mahdi Al-Hassani, Saeed Mazloum, Mohamed Makiya and others. Introduction ❖ These styles can be Summarized as follows: Architectural Styles 1960-1980 Ornate Local Heritage Architecture International Architecture Architecture Crown Heritage Heritage Sympathetic to Sympathetic to the Local Sympathetic with Architecture Architecture Architecture International Style Architecture International Style Abstract Heritage International Heritage Architecture Architecture The First Method The Second Method The Third Method Architectural Styles 1. Architecture Sympathetic with International Style ❖ This architectural trend was widely adopted by architects returning after finishing their studies in the US and Europe. They were affected by the pioneer of international architects (some of them worked in Iraq In the previous stage). ❖ This style was influenced to a large extent by modern technology and the International Style and its construction values. ❖ Both Architects Hisham Munir and Nasser Al-Asadi were the pioneers of this style in Iraq academically and practically.  Architecture Sympathetic with International Style ❖ This style is characterized by being (entirety) (standardizing) and (international) stemming from the aesthetics of manufacturing and machining, which depend on systems with highaccuracy and control in standardization, planning and repetition in the means of production. ❖ This style assumes that human societies - regardless of their geographical, environmental and cultural characteristics - must share a unified style of living in similar urban environments as a rational and economic result of modern technology to liberate the human and designer from the traditional restrictions which caused significant obstacles of the human progress. ❖ Therefore, the proponents of this style in Iraqi architecture reject the bias towards the locality because the intellectual and practical foundations of their style refuse to simulate the locality. Architecture Sympathetic with International Style ❖ This style was characterised as follows: ✓ Emphasis on the vocabulary of international architecture and its applications as a basis for creating architectural formations. ✓ Function came in first in their designs with the clarity of spaces, ease and logical movement, and adopting the modern structure as an influential element. ✓ Taking into consideration the environmental reality, especially in terms of climatic and structural elements that reflect modern international technology. Al-Daman building by MahdiAl-Hassani Architecture Sympathetic with International Style ✓ The ability to prepare accurate designs and construction details within the general formation of the building. ✓ Considering the site’s surroundings, the buildings of this style can coexist w i t h the context despite the architectural works' contrast and diversity of standards. ✓ They believed that the aesthetics of modern architecture Industrial Bank Building, Hesham Mounir, resulted from contemporary technology. 1965 ✓ To become international architecture, this style didn’t consider local aspects except climatic and technical aspects. Al-Rafidain Bank, Mahdi Al-Husseini, 1968 Architecture Sympathetic with International Style ❖ The effect of this architectural style: The pioneers of this style designed many projects within the institutions of the socialist sector, where this method was compatible with their demands. Being the founders of the Department of Architecture, they put this academy’s principles in terms of curricula and teaching programs. their architectural production greatly affected the approaches and style of Iraqi architects later. Administrative Building, MahdiAl-Husseini College of Atomic Medicine, Saeed Mazloum College of Dentistry, Saeed Mazloum Crown Architecture 2. CrownArchitecture ❖ At the end of the sixties, Crown Architecture became a common phenomenon, ❖ This style gave an expression confirmed by the function. It is r e f l e c t e d in plans to make an impression about the important points (zones) in the building within the formal composition, which is always located at the top of the building, represented by a broader mass and more distinguished than the other parts below it. Building of The Ministry of Trade By Hisham Mounir, 1965 Crown Architecture ❖ The origin of this trend was the symbolic style within postmodern architecture. This style was interpreted in different forms and various designs. Ministry of Foreign Affairs building Administrative Building, By Hisham Mounir Presidency of Mosul University International Architecture Sympathetic to the Local Architecture 3. International Architecture Sympathetic to LocalArchitecture ❖ At the beginning of the seventies, the style of international architecture took a different attitude and approach, as it began to take into account local requirements, add some heritage values and make adaptations to the general composition of the buildings. ❖ So, many architects aimed to create an Iraqi character and identity in architecture, such as the late works of Institute of Fine Arts, Hisham Munir, Saeed Ali Mazloum and Siad Ali Mazloum,1975 MahdiAl-Husseini. International Architecture Sympathetic to the Local Architecture ❖ This style adopted elements that draw towards the local environment and emphasis the heritage elements without exaggerating through an abstract allegorical tendency of heritage elements. Administrative building by Jibril Khamo, 1965 Some Designs of Hisham Munir During the 60s Local Heritage Architecture 4. Local HeritageArchitecture ❖ Qahtan Awni adopted this style in architecture and urban design, such as the university of Al-Mustansiriya, besides Public Al-Awqaf Library by Muhammad Makiya and Al-Rafidain Bank by Rafaat Chadirji. Iraqi Scientific Association, by Muhammad Makiya The Council of Ministers by Rifaat Chadirji in 1975 Local Heritage Architecture The designer sought to achieve modern architecture with a spirit from the local environment far from fabrication, reproduction and the contradiction between form and content. ✓ The design considered modern architecture's trends in terms of using a symmetric plan and separating the components of the building according to their function and then linking them with a clear circulation, such as Al-Mustansiriya University. Local Heritage Architecture ✓ applying the local architecture vocabulary in modern forms, using shade and light, and bricks with reinforced concrete. Facade of a house, Qahtan Awni Al-Mustansiriya University Library by Qahtan Awni Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style 5. Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style ❖ The architects within this style sought to achieve contemporary Iraqi architecture by adapting heritage concepts; there were two approaches within this style: a.Abstract HeritageArchitecture: ❖ This approach was affected by the heritage concepts abstractly, so the outcome was modern architecture but belonged to the heritage values in terms of the outer shell of buildings (using local materials and elements ). At the same time, the interior characteristics were still modern, so there was a difference between shape and content. Enhsar Al-Tabough, by Chadirji, 1967 Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style ❖ The features of this approach: Quest to present various modern trends within the local determinants in new contexts. This style was characterised by the contemporary forms taken from the heritage elements and adapt according to the meaning and function. This approach focused on the architectural form as the leading designer’s aim, so the facades didn't reflect the content and function as much as it was a pre-form separated from the utility. Emphasis on forming a complex facade while the plans were clear and straightforward. Iraqi union of Industries Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style Using the cantilever structure (extensions extending from the structure) to promote forming the facade as a plastic art confirming on: ▪ The separation between the plans and the façade. ▪ The separation of the building mass from the external shell of the façade. Emphasis on visually separating the building from the general context and surroundings. Adopting simplified structural and coarse brick finishing with unpolished concrete to make an impression of heavy masses (Brutalism style). Plan of Cantilever Structure Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style This style depended on an architectural language that addresses the general public (formal and artistic), unlike other styles that address a conscious elite and academic (the understanding of architecture was more popular and direct than symbolic). Its adoption of an abstracted architectural heritage style gave the ability to form the facades in many buildings with different functions (because the form didn't express the content). Al-Tamen Building Iraqi union of Industries Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style ❖ There were three methods within the Abstract Heritage Architecture approach: ❖ The First Method adopts Abbasid architecture as a reference that can be used and applied (for example, elements of Al-Ukhaidir Palace). ❖ This method was used in multi-storey buildings to inspire the heritage spirit. Enhsar Al-TaboughBuilding Al-Hindea Cement Factory Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style ❖ The Second Method depended on refining the heritage elements in a detailed manner without going into the depth of the heritage, ❖ that led to the imitation of the international style, such as the buildings of the National Insurance Company in Mosul and the union of Iraqi industries by Chadirji at the end of the 60s. National Insurance Union of Iraqi Company building Industries Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style ❖ The Third Method represents maturity, simplicity, and an attempt to approach the separation between the outer shell and the interiorformation. ❖ approaching global experiences with simple lines, such as Abu Dhabi Bank in 1970, where it adopted a simple heritage concept within modernity. Transportation Building Abu Dhabi Bank by in Baghdad by the Rifaat Chadirji1970 Consulting Office 1969 Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style b. International HeritageArchitecture ❖ This is the second approach of Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style, which depended on inserting heritage forms within the modern style after completing the designs, ❖ So, the general character of the building remains international architecture except for those traditional forms. Al-Rafidain Bank- Kufa Branch / Muhammad Makiya 1968 Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International ❖ Characteristics of this approach were: this approach proposed to positively use the heritage elements in modern architecture, Al-Khulafaa Mosque , by Muhammad Makiya, 1963 not just as a shell; these elements were constructed with modern materials and compositions. The high interest in the accuracy of details and decorative work, so they employed skilled local craftsmen. College building, by Muhammad Makiya, 1974 Introduction Heritage Architecture Sympathetic to International Style This approach attempted to find solutions to the relationship between the developed modern and the old deteriorated parts. So, they designed the entire building in an international style, then added some heritage elements to the front façade.            Ornate Heritage Architecture 6. Ornate HeritageArchitecture ❖ The previous styles of this stage had affected the graduates of the Iraqi architectural school who were motivated towards creating unique and local identities depending on what they learned from leading architects and professors as follows: Most architects of this style were the academic staff in the architecture department, so they influenced the fresh architects, and some worked in their bureaus. Some new generations of architects were keen to create their style in dealing with heritage elements and vocabulary. Ornate Heritage Architecture ❖ Characteristics of this style : Many architects within this style tended to reach the locality through an eclectic process within complex formations to attract and fascinate the beholders. This style Involves good academic knowledge in employing shapes and patterns derived from heritage structures. Ministry of Industry Building, by Fadel Agena, 1976 Ornate Heritage Architecture Ornate Heritage Architecture As a result of these reasons, the architectural outcomes of this period were hybrid and strange, with several problems in the architectural composition, which moved away from the local identity. References