Lecture 6 - Latent Prints PDF

https://www.cabarruscounty.us/Government/Departments/Sheriffs-Office/Criminal-Investigations Friction Ridge History & Physiology 1  Brief History...

https://www.cabarruscounty.us/Government/Departments/Sheriffs-Office/Criminal-Investigations Friction Ridge History & Physiology 1  Brief History Prominent figures Anthropometry Henry classification system Timeline daniiD/Shutterstock.com 2  Early Bronze Age ring recovered by Hulín - U Isidórka Archaeological Center Olomouc. Ceramic impressions from various time periods, captured by Martin Hložek. Medieval clay seal, captured by The Imprint Project. Prominent Figures Henry Faulds Alphonse Bertillon - 1843-1930 - 1853-1914 - Scottish physician and - Created criminal medical missionary identification method of - 1880 Nature publication: Anthropometry in the early permanence after studies of 1880s removing layers of skin; - 1883 - first ID with potential value in anthropometry medicolegal studies and - Fingerprinting lacked criminalistics classification system William Herschel Francis Galton - 1833-1917 - 1822-1911 - British Indian Civil Service - Received a letter that officer Faulds wrote to Galton’s - Created systems using cousin, Darwin fingerprints for identification - Began correspondence with and fraud prevention Herschel - Recorded fingerprints - Published Finger Prints in throughout lifetime 1892 - “Galton details” 4 Juan Vucetich (1855-1925) Born in Croatia, moved to Argentina in 1884 Worked at the Central Police Department in La Plata, Argentina Worked to establish the first classification system in South America 1901 - Argentina is the first country in the world to base identification methods entirely on fingerprinting 5  Francisca Rojas’ children: 6- year-old Ponciano and 4-year- Rojas old Teresa Francisca had a cut to her throat; claimed that neighbor Murders Pedro Ramón Velázquez was responsible. Interrogation tactics did not (1892) result in a confession, and friends of Velázquez provided an alibi. Local police contacted larger agency Eduardo Álvarez (trained by Vucetich) looked at the crime scene again Single bloody print on a door Performed comparisons Francisca was confronted with the evidence and confessed Her boyfriend didn’t like kids https://alchetron.com/Francisa-Rojas 6  Edward Henry (1850-1931) Inspector General of Police for the Bengal Province of India. Met with Galton - exchanged research (including that of Herschel and Faulds) Troup Committee asked Henry to create a classification system 1901 - established system with Scotland Yard Basis for most modern-day systems 7  Henry Classification System L Little L Ring L Middle L Index L Thumb R Thumb R Index R Middle R Ring R Little Finger 10 9 8 7 6 1 2 3 4 5 # Whorl 1 1 2 2 4 16 16 8 8 4 Value 1 + (Sum of EVEN finger values) —————————————— = Primary grouping ratio 1 + (Sum of ODD finger values) 8 Will and William West Leavenworth, KS (1903) A case for fingerprints over anthropometry. 9 Fingerprint Examination History 1924 - FBI Criminal Identification Division ○ National fingerprint repository 1932 - International exchange of fingerprint data (FBI) ○ South America, Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Canada. 1972 - Prototype fingerprint reader (FBI) ○ “FINDER” 1976 - Houston PD implements AFIS ○ 1979 - Houston AFIS online (1st in TX, 3rd in US) 10 "The State of Development of the FBI's Automatic Fingerprint Identification System" Special Agent Conrad S. Banner FBI FINDER System  Physiology Friction ridge skin Basic gestational development Twins Injury and disease http://timelapsevision.com/en 12 Friction Ridge Skin Structure & Components Layers of the skin Components of residue / types of impressions 13 Features of Friction Ridge Skin Ridges - Raised area Furrows - Recessed areas Incipient ridges - Ridges in the furrows; narrow, frequently interrupted; usually no pores. Creases - Major vs. minor creases (flexion vs. secondary) Pores - Tend to be evenly spaced along ridges. Eccrine sweat only on friction ridge skin. Hicklin, R.A. (2015). Anatomy of Friction Ridge Skin. In: Li, S.Z., Jain, A.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Biometrics. Springer, Boston, MA. 14  Features of Friction Ridge Skin A closer look at creases - major vs. minor Flexion creases - firmer attachment of skin to underlying structures. ○ Location a result of volar pads Secondary creases - appear at random; unique to individual. ○ Occur with greater frequency later in life due to buckling of skin Other things to note: Ridge width Imbrication ○ Aid with grip Volar pads ○ Transient swellings of tissue 15  Layers of the Skin Epidermis ○ Outermost layer of skin ○ Consists of several strata Basal lamina membrane ○ Separates dermis and epidermis Dermis ○ Matrix of connective tissue ○ Connects to epidermis with dermal papillae Junction where nutrients are provided to the epidermis Hypodermis ○ Sweat glands The Fingerprint Sourcebook 16  Cell proliferation toward surface of skin Skin surface Dead cells fall away The Fingerprint Sourcebook Epidermal cells Undergo physical and chemical changes as they approach the surface The Fingerprint Sourcebook  Residue - Eccrine sweat Sweat glands remove waste from FR skin and increase friction via moisture Eccrine sweat ○ 2-4 million eccrine sweat glands throughout body ○ Only type of sweat gland present on FR skin ○ 99% water, 1% solids Inorganic salt (NaCl) Organic compounds - urea, amino acids, peptides, etc. https://pnwdiai.org/ 18  Residue - Sebaceous sweat Located throughout body, except FR skin. ○ Most dense around face and scalp ○ Associated with hair follicles Compounds in sebum influenced by things like diet, genetics, stage of life Components - glycerides, fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol, squalene, etc. http://nih.gov 19 Latent Prints Hidden or unseen and require some form of development Flashlight can be effective for searching 20 Patent Prints Print is visible without any development Result of transferring a foreign material Can be left in material such as blood, oil, grease, or another contaminant Plastic Prints Impressions left in soft/pliable materials such as wax, soap, or putty 3-D qualities Gestational Development 24 First Trimester 3-8 weeks - Tissue distinctions ○ Ectoderm → Epidermis ○ Mesoderm → Connective tissue of dermis + muscle and elements of vascular system ○ Endoderm → Organs 4-8 weeks - Limb development ○ Arms, legs, knees, elbows, fingers, and toes can be seen in 2nd month ○ Hand changes from paddle to infant form with fingers and thumb 6 weeks - Palmar volar pads (interdigital → thenar → hypothenar) 7-8 weeks - Fingertip volar pads (thumb → little finger) The Fingerprint Sourcebook. 8 weeks 8 weeks - Basal cells begin consistently dividing to form intermediate cell layers 8 weeks - Approx. 1 inch and 1 gram https://www.amazon.com/Spare-Balance-Weight-Stainless-Steel/dp/B07D7JMHZ4 25 First Trimester Cont. 9-12 weeks - Nervous system develops, arms and legs begin to move 10-10.5 weeks - Primary ridge formation (bottom of epidermis) ○ First visual evidence of interaction between the dermis and epidermis Fetal primary ridges The Fingerprint Sourcebook. The Fingerprint Sourcebook. 26 Second Trimester 12-16 weeks - Friction ridges forming and maturing ○ Primary ridges mature, extend deeper into dermis 15 weeks - Entire volar surface covered in ridges 15-17 weeks - Secondary ridges 16 weeks - Volar pads are merged with contours of fingers, palms, and soles 16 weeks - Minutiae The Fingerprint Sourcebook. 16 weeks - Sweat glands mature; sweat Fetal secondary ridges ducts and pores appear along epidermal ridges 27 Second Trimester Cont. 20 weeks - Arrangement of primary and secondary ridges continues until here 24 weeks - Maturation ○ Primary and secondary ridges are linked; molded to the dermis via papillae pegs. https://picjumbo.com/author/viktorhanacek/ 28 https://www.cabarruscounty.us/Government/Departments/Sheriffs-Office/Criminal-Investigations Comparison & Processing 29  Comparison Levels of detail Pattern types ACE-V daniiD/Shutterstock.com 30 Level 1 detail Overall ridge flow, pattern types 31 Loops Most common (~60%) Right/left loop OR ulnar/radial loop One delta Arches Least common pattern type (~5%) No deltas Whorls (~35%) Two deltas Plain & central pocket loop have at least on ridge that makes a complete circuit. Double loop – two loops Accidental – two or more pattern types or irregular 32 Level 2 detail Ridge path, minutiae 33 Level 3 detail Ridge and pore shapes, incipient ridges, scars, etc. 34 Examination Process – ACE-V Analysis Comparison Evaluation Verification 35   FP side Analysis Latent print is assessed for value by observing things like pattern type, ridge flow (level 1 details), making note of any distortion, and marking specific minutiae (level 2 details). Orientation and anatomical source may be determined during this stage. A decision as to whether the print is suitable for comparison is made. Comparison If the print is suitable, the comparison process involves the selection of a target group of details in the unknown print which is then searched for in the known prints side-by-side. If the target group is found, a more in-depth search occurs to see if there is additional correspondence or any disagreement. Comparison “Imagine trying to put together a 1000-piece jigsaw puzzle, but you only have 100 pieces, and you don’t know what the picture is supposed to look like.” Imagine searching for this In here…plus the other hand…and then add on five more people… Evaluation The information gathered during comparison allows for a conclusion of identification, exclusion, or inconclusive to be made. Verification A second qualified examiner performs an independent ACE in order to verify all conclusions and ensure that the previous analysis and comparisons were given proper consideration. 40  Processing Types of surfaces Chemical processing Preservation Digital Imaging https://forensicsworld.com/product/fingerprint-powder-and-brush/ 41 Deposition Factors Pre-transfer conditions Condition of skin Transfer conditions Surface texture/material, curvature, contaminants Deposition pressure, movement, multiple touches Post-transfer conditions Exposure to elements Improper packaging 42  Porous Absorbs water Ex: raw wood, paper Non-porous Does not absorb water Ex: tile, glass, metal, plastic Types of Semi-porous surfaces Some residue stays on the surface, some absorbs Ex: coated cardboards, magazines Adhesives Mostly tape Blood contaminated 43 Porous Surfaces Latent print residue soaks into the surface Examples: Paper, cardboard, raw wood Chemical treatment Iodine, Indanedione (IND), Ninhydrin, Oil Red O The most common component that is targeted – Amino Acids IND and/or Ninhydrin Items are either sprayed, dipped, or the chemical is painted on After air drying, items are typically placed in a humidity chamber (~5-10 minutes) and/or allowed to process naturally for a few days Developed prints are viewed using the laser for IND and ambient light for Ninhydrin and then photographed Capable of developing very old latent print residue Laser Humidity Chamber Indanedione Oil Red O Ninhydrin Non-Porous Surfaces Latent print residue tends to stay on the surface Items are typically fumed with cyanoacrylate (superglue) then stained with a fluorescent dye stain and/or powdered Superglue developed prints are sometimes visible after fuming, the dye stains are typically used after to dramatically increase contrast When fluorescent dye stain is used, the item is then viewed with the laser Developed latent prints are typically photographed and sometimes lifted if powder was used Superglue tanks Super glue is placed on a foil dish and heated. Super glue developed print Fluorescent Dye Stain Rhodamine 6G Adhesives Typically have a sticky side and non-sticky side Non-sticky side is usually addressed first by following the above mentioned porous/non-porous processing Most tapes that are processed tend to be non-porous like duct tape, packing tape, and electrical tape Canned air and/or chemicals can be used to separate tape layers but may be time consuming Sticky side powder/WetWop is commonly used to process the adhesive side or stains like gentian violet can be used Adhesives Gentian Violet White Wetwop Sticky Side Powder Possible Blood Porous surfaces The blood and/or latent residue soaks into the surface IND and Ninhydrin Non-Porous Blood dries on the surface of the evidence Stains can be used to further develop the impressions by targeting components such as proteins Amido Black sensitive chemical, develops prints that are commonly not visible to the naked eye Acid Yellow 7 Used with a blue light source Acid Yellow 7 used on blood prints and fluoresced with a blue light source Amido Black developed blood footprint on floor Case Example Digital Image Processing “We are not in the business of creating detail. We are in the business of optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio, meaning that we can only make an effort to clarify image information that is already present in the digital image, while suppressing any noise that may be visually distracting to the greatest degree possible.” Forensic Digital Image Processing CRC Press 2018 Brian Dalrymple and Jill Smith Ch. 6 pg. 164 Digital Image Management System Digital Image Processing Digital Imaging 60 Digital Image Processing Case Example Prints from photographs/screen capture 63 AFIS 64 Myth vs. Reality Myth The latent print is automatically searched and returns with a match within minutes or seconds. Reality- Latent print side The analyst will manually plot minutiae on the latent print A list of 20 candidates will be returned after the search The analyst will compare each known print in the list until a potential match is found, however there is no guarantee the individual will be in the list, or even in the database. 65 AFIS 101 ACRONYM: Automated Fingerprint Identification System GENERIC DEFINITION: A computerized filing system used to search, store, and retrieve biometric data APPLICATION: A tool used to plot minutiae, which creates an algorithm that is used to search against millions of biometric records istock.com 66 AFIS 101 https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/detectives- running-gm165904695-20329711 Examples of known fingerprint records cataloged in AFIS (state and/or federal): – Criminal Records – Civil Records Licensees, permit holders, and certain professions All incoming records are retainable until expunged by a judge https://clipartmag.com/fingerprint-clipart 67 AFIS 101 Pattern Symbols - Arch- A - Left slant loop - L - Right slant loop - R - Whorl - W - Scar - S - Reference all general patterns - Left Palm/Left Writer’s palm- LP/LWP - Right Palm/Right Writer’s palm- RP/RWP istock.com 68  Databases Searched by DPS Texas DPS searches – State, FBI, and DHS databases Texas was the first state and currently the only state to be granted access to search in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) database 69  Database Sizes* *as of 06/03/2024 FBI Next Generation State of Texas Identification (NGI) –Rolled Fingerprint –Civil Fingerprint Repository: 28,335,339 Repository: 68,381,602 –Slap Fingerprint –Criminal Fingerprint Repository: 23,011,602 Repository: 82,122,767 –Palm Print Repository: 4,768,106 –Repository for –Unsolved Latent Database Individuals of Concern (RISC): 4,480,421 - Fingers: 39,706 - Palms: 14,863 70 Hits Recorded AFIS (State) Hits since 1991: 12,998 NGI (FBI) Hits since 2001: 3,896 DHS Hits since 2017: 42 *totals recorded as of 06/03/2024 The Process 72 Twin Studies 80  Tao X, Chen X, Yang X, Tian J. Fingerprint recognition with identical twin fingerprints. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35704. (a) and (b) are corresponding fingerprints of identical twins. (c) and (d) are corresponding fingerprints of non-identical twins. Identical Twin A Identical Twin B Non-Identical Twin C Non-Identical Twin D Twin A Twin B A Computational Discriminability Analysis on Twin Fingerprints. Liu, Srihari. 2009. 84  Twin B Twin A A Computational Discriminability Analysis on Twin Fingerprints. Liu, Srihari. 2009. Siblings Brother palms Palm prints - vestige shape in left palms Brother fingers Fingerprints - pattern type, width of ridges, incipient ridges Preliminary investigation of the ability of fingerprint examiners in detection of sib-sib relationships based upon finger and palm prints similarities. Hefetz, et al. 2022. 86  Identical Twin Thumbs Left thumbs of twin A and twin B Dalrymple, B. (2006). Fingerprints. In A. Mozayani & C. Noziglia (Eds.), The Forensic Laboratory Handbook (pp. 117–141). Humana Press Inc.  Identical Twin Thumbs Right thumbs of twin A and twin B Dalrymple, B. (2006). Fingerprints. In A. Mozayani & C. Noziglia (Eds.), The Forensic Laboratory Handbook (pp. 117–141). Humana Press Inc.  Injury and Disease Laurence Facun via Flickr  Injury Wound depth will determine bodily response ○ Superficial (ex. papercut) vs. penetrating wound ○ Epidermis is nonvascular Stages of wound healing: ○ Inflammation ○ Proliferation The Fingerprint Sourcebook ○ Tissue Remodeling 90 Inflammation Begins immediately after injury Platelets direct clotting Immune cells provide antibacterial support Fibroblasts begin to repair dermis Endothelial cells begin to repair blood vessels Trinh X-T, Long N-V, Van Anh LT, Nga PT, Giang NN, Chien PN, Nam S-Y, Heo C-Y. A Comprehensive Review of Natural Compounds for Wound Healing: Targeting Bioactivity Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(17):9573. 91 Proliferation Begins hours after injury; continuous End goals: ○ Reorganization of basal membrane ○ Growth of blood vessels ○ Regeneration of connective tissue ○ Reestablishment of cell-to-cell communication Keratinocytes work from edges of the wound, inward ○ “Crawl” across wound surface to create layer of protection Fibroblasts produce collagens, elastin, and other matrix proteins to contract the wound bed ○ Shrinks surface area New tissue growth; formation of new blood Trinh X-T, Long N-V, Van Anh LT, Nga PT, Giang NN, Chien PN, Nam S-Y, Heo C-Y. A Comprehensive Review of Natural vessels Compounds for Wound Healing: Targeting Bioactivity Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(17):9573. 92 Tissue Remodeling May take several months to complete Cell-to-cell communication is restored as keratinocytes reach the center of the wound Basal membrane reestablished - allows for normal cell division and proliferation to surface Injury without permanent damage: ○ Scab from blood clot is released from the surface Permanent damage: ○ Irreparable damage to basal layer and dermal papillae ○ Permanent ridge disruption and/or distortion via scarring ○ Surface ridges do not regenerate; sweat glands do not reform Matrix components restore functional barrier of the skin and increase tensile strength of scar Trinh X-T, Long N-V, Van Anh LT, Nga PT, Giang NN, Chien PN, Nam S-Y, Heo C-Y. A Comprehensive Review of Natural Compounds for Wound Healing: Targeting Bioactivity Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; ○ Scar tissue is reinforced for weeks to months post- 23(17):9573. injury 93 Scars Final formation influenced by: ○ Severity/size of injury ○ Stitches ○ Infection ○ Type of injury - cut, burn, puncture, etc. ○ Location of injury FBI, 1979 94  A - Scarred Print B - Same Print 11 yrs later Dalrymple, B. (2006). Fingerprints. In A. Mozayani & C. Noziglia (Eds.), The Forensic Laboratory Handbook (pp. 117–141). Humana Press Inc. 95 Day of injury 96  6 days 30 days post injury post injury 97 Pre-injury Post-injury 98 Roscoe Pitts Intentional Fingerprint Alteration 99 Fingerprint Alteration cont. John Dillinger - Acid 10 0 Obliteration Distortion Imitation Transplantation Removal of portion Scar with Z-cut of skin Transplantation Transplantation to Mutilation from other FR skin match ridge pattern Tabassi, Elham & Chugh, Tarang & Deb, Debayan & Jain, Anil. (2018). Altered Fingerprints: Detection and Localization.  Z-cut transplantation Wertheim, K. “An Extreme Case of Fingerprint Mutilation.” JFI, 48(4), 1998, p. 466. 10 2 “Intentionally Mutilated Fingerprints” presentation by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Fingerprint Specialist, Laura Tierney  Effects of Disease on Friction Ridge Skin Celiac Disease Warts David, T. J., Ajdukiewicz, A. B., & Read, A. E. (1970). Fingerprint Changes in Coeliac Disease. In BMJ (Vol. 4, Issue 5735, pp. 594–596). BMJ. Eczema Drahansky, M., Dolezel, M., Urbanek, J., Brezinova, E., & Kim, T. (2012). Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprint Recognition. In Drahansky, M., Dolezel, M., Urbanek, J., Brezinova, E., & Kim, T. (2012). Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprint Recognition. In Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (Vol. 2012, pp. 1–14). Hindawi Limited. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (Vol. 2012, pp. 1–14). Hindawi Limited.  Effects of Disease on Friction Ridge Skin Psoriasis Cuspal ridge pattern “Ridges off the end” Drahansky, M., Dolezel, M., Urbanek, J., Brezinova, E., & Kim, T. (2012). Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprint Recognition. In Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (Vol. 2012, pp. 1–14). Hindawi Limited. Chemotherapy Dissociated ridges Disturbances during mos. 3-4 David, T. J. (1973). Congenital malformations of human dermatoglyphs. Cohen, P. R. (2017). Capecitabine-Associated Loss of Fingerprints…; In Cureus. Cureus, Inc. In Archives of Disease in Childhood (Vol. 48, Issue 3, pp. 191–198). BMJ.  Questions? Sarah Edwards [email protected]