706.4.6pp Fingerprints and Individualizing Patterns F21.pdf

FOS 706 Physical & Biological Evidence History Personal Identification - 1st systematic approach developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1883) - anthropometry (bertillonage) - 11 measurements made of the human anatomy. ! Fingerprinting - used by the Chinese 3000 years ago to sign legal documents. ! Finge...

FOS 706 Physical & Biological Evidence History Personal Identification - 1st systematic approach developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1883) - anthropometry (bertillonage) - 11 measurements made of the human anatomy. ! Fingerprinting - used by the Chinese 3000 years ago to sign legal documents. ! Fingerprints & Individualizing Patterns PROFESSOR LINDA ROURKE 1 2 History ! ! ! History Herschel in India used fingerprints as a form of signature (1858); proposes a fingerprint system to ID prisoners (1877) Henry Fauld, in Japan, published a treatise (1880) on the potential application of fingerprinting to personal identification Francis Galton published a textbook on fingerprints (1892) - no two prints are alike; British gov’t adopts fingerprinting as a supplement to bertillonage. 3 ! ! Dr. Juan Vucetich [1891, Argentina] developed a 10-digit fingerprint classification system to organize fingerprints in a logical and searchable way In 1897, Sir Edward Henry developed a 10-digit fingerprint classification system which was adopted by Scotland Yard in 1901; modified versions still used today. 4 History ! Bertillonage fell into disfavor: results susceptible to error: 1903 Will West incident. Will West's Bertillon Measurements 178.5; 187.0; 91.2; 19.7; 15.8; 14.8; 6.6; 28.2; 12.3; 9.7; 50.2 William West's Bertillon Measurements 177.5; 188.0; 91.3; 19.8; 15.9; 14.8; 6.5; 27.5; 12.2; 9.6; 50.3 http://members.aol.com/SVG2254/West.htm 5 6 1 Will West Anthropometry History Admitted as evidence in U.S. court in 1910, People v Jennings ! FBI sets up its fingerprint data base (1924) ! AFIS = Automated Fingerprint Identification System ! – – – 7 8 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics. ! Galton calculated the possible existence of 64 billion different fingerprints; the probability for the existence of two identical fingerprint patterns in the world’s population is extremely small; empirically true. 9 ! ! ! Fingerprints are differentiated by ridge characteristics (minutiae) in their type, number & location. There is no international agreement as to how many ridge comparisons are necessary to determine that two fingerprints are identical especially when taking into account that often only partial prints may be found at a crime scene Usually 10 to 16 comparisons are required. 10 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS 2. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. ! Fingerprints are a reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers and thumb. ! Similar friction ridges are found on the palm and sole of the feet. ! Friction ridges were designed by mother nature to provide our bodies with a firmer grasp and resistance to slippage. 11 1977 fingerprint scans introduced 1996 computerized searches introduced 1999 IAFIS Integrated AFIS ! ! Skin layers: epidermis is outermost layer, dermis is the inner layer; these two separated by the dermal papillae the shape of which determines the form & pattern of the fingerprint ridges on the surface of the skin. The dermal papillae develops in the human fetus; remains unchanged throughout life except to enlarge during growth. 12 2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS Skin ridges each have a row of pores through which perspiration from the sweat glands are discharged; along w/ oily deposits from hairier portions of the skin leave a thin film on the skin. ! Scarring can only change a few minutiae and provide additional individualizing characteristics. ! De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 13 14 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS Loop - one or more ridges enters one side, curves, exits same side ! radial loop - opens towards the thumb. ! ulnar loop - opens towards the little finger. 3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. ! All fingerprints can be classified into three general groups: loops (60-65%), whorls (30-35%) and arches (5%). These form the basis for all ten-finger classification systems currently in use. De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 15 16 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS Arches Arch: one or more ridges enters one side, rise to a wave, exits the opposite side ! plain arch - smooth curved wave in the center; exits smoothly on the opposite side. ! tented arch - variation of plain arch in which the ridges at the center are thrust upward in a more abrupt manner. De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 17 18 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS Whorls Whorls: ! plain whorl - one or more ridges form a complete revolution around the center; have two or more deltas. central pocket loop - variation of plain whorl; ridges tend to form a loop pattern which recurves & surrounds a whorl in center. double (twinned) loop - two separate loops surround each other. accidental - doesn’t conform to above specifications. – – – – De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 19 20 HOW ARE FINGERPRINTS FORMED? AFIS ! Automated Fingerprint Identification System uses automatic scanning devices that convert the image of a single fingerprint into digital minutiae that contains data showing ridges at their points of termination (ridge endings) and the branching of ridges into two ridges (bifurcations). 21 Þ Locard 22 Fingerprint Evidence CRIME SCENE PRINTS ! Can be patent or latent prints require development method in order to be visualized. Visible prints ! made by fingers stained with colored material (blood, ink, paint, grease, or dirt) ! photograph directly. ! Latent 23 Exchange Principle Formed when residue from the friction ridge skin surface is transferred to a touched object. 24 4 CRIME SCENE PRINTS CRIME SCENE PRINTS Plastic prints ! an indentation, 3D ! can be formed by pressing the friction ridges of the fingers onto a soft surface (wax, putty, tar, soap, butter, or clay) ! ordinarily no additional development required to be fully visualized ! usually photographed and may also be cast 25 Latent prints – – – not visible to the unaided eye usually require some means of development for visualization fingerprint residue can be oily if it contains sebaceous secretions from nonfriction ridge skin (forehead or nose) 26 CRIME SCENE PRINTS Latent prints ! secretions from the sweat glands (pores) in friction ridge skin are not oily and make up the basis of most latent prints ! normally contains 98.5% water + 1.5% dissolved solids (1% organic material + 0.5% inorganic material). De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 27 28 CRIME SCENE PROCESSING: FINGERPRINTS ! Search : criminal’s pathway; objects touched by criminal; weapons ! Preservation : photography (1 to 1) lighting; sketches ! Collection : on movable object versus immovable object De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 29 30 5 FINGERPRINT COMPARISONS ! FOR INDIVIDUALIZATION PURPOSES – – – Identify the central core pattern Examine ridge details for individual characteristics Fingerprint Minutiae: bifurcation, island, dot, short ridge, ridge ending, trifurcation, bridge, angle, converging ridges, diverging ridges 31 32 Criticisms of ACE-V Criticisms of ACE-V ! Analysis ! Verification of questioned print should be done prior to examination of an exemplar to avoid bias, but that’s not always done ! Lack of standards in the number of required points of comparison in order to conclude an identification 33 is not necessarily done in a “blind” fashion: co-workers may be called upon to verify the original analysis 34 FINGERPRINT COMPARISONS Criticisms of ACE-V This study explored the influence of biasing information which may affect the examiner’s conclusion. 35 De Forest, P.R., Gaensslen, R.E., & Lee, H.C. (1983). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Criminalistics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. 36 6 Why it isn’t easy: ! Smudged prints ! Partial prints ! Distorted prints 37 38 39 40 EVIDENCE PRINT MAYFIELD PRINT New York Times, 03JUN2004 Office of the Inspector General, Oversight and Review Division (March 2006). A review of the FBI's handling of the Brandon Mavfield case: Unclassified and redacted. Retrieved March 15, 2007 from Office of the Inspector General Web site: http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0601/PDF_list.htm 41 42 7 EVIDENCE PRINT DAOUD PRINT MAYFIELD PRINT Office of the Inspector General, Oversight and Review Division (March 2006). A review of the FBI's handling of the Brandon Mavfield case: Unclassified and redacted. Retrieved March 15, 2007 from Office of the Inspector General Web site: http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0601/PDF_list.htm 43 DAOUD PRINT Office of the Inspector General, Oversight and Review Division (March 2006). A review of the FBI's handling of the Brandon Mavfield case: Unclassified and redacted. Retrieved March 15, 2007 from Office of the Inspector General Web site: http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0601/PDF_list.htm 44 Research: Statistical 45 46 Fingerprint Admissibility? ! Questions – of reliability? “The problem with exclusion is that fingerprinting, although problematic, is still probably far more probative than much evidence that we do permit, both expert and nonexpert; so it seems somewhat perverse to exclude fingerprinting while permitting, say, eyewitness testimony.” Jennifer L. Mnookin, Fingerprints: Not a Gold Standard, Issues in Science & Technology, October 2003. ! Cost to the justice system? process ! Adversarial – 47 In an enlightened environment, the use of experts for both sides should be able to draw out any uncertainties regarding the evidence. 48 8 DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS Physical Methods Techniques can be physical or chemical in nature. Useful for prints on hard, non-absorbent surfaces – Powder dusting (colored/fluorescent/ magnetic powders) – Laser analysis (argon laser fluoresces print which is then photographed) – X-ray analysis (electron emission radiography) – Vacuum coating (deposition of a thin film of metal onto the print; used for prints on fabric, paper etc.) 49 50 Laser Fluorescence Chemical Methods Usually required for prints on soft, porous surfaces ! Iodine fuming - detects fatty oils left behind in sweat; yellowish-brown prints observed are temporary ! Ninhydrin spraying - detects amino acids in sweat; purple-blue print formed; works well on old prints on paper ! Silver nitrate exposure - detects salt (chloride ion) in sweat; developed print is reddish brown AgNO3 + NaCl → NaNO3 + AgCl 2AgCl →2 Ag + Cl2 ! Super Glueâ fuming: cyanoacrylate; forms a white colored pattern http://www.forensicmag.com/articles.asp?pid=121 51 52 Iodine Fuming Ninhydrin Prints http://www.bvda.com/images/b745_use.jpg Left side: Iodine Right side: Iodine print fixed with benzoflavone Ninhydrin Prints http://www.hveforensic.com/images/ninpapre.gif 53 Jon T. Stimac, Oregon State Police Latent print developed with Ninhydrin in 3M™ Novec™ Engineered Fluid HFE-7100 (left) and Ninhydrin in Petroleum Ether (right) http://www.redwop.com/technotes.asp?ID=107 54 9 Cyanoacrylate Fuming Adhesive Tape Print Development http://www.ccc.de/biometrie/fingerabdruck_kopieren.xml?language=en 55 56 PALM AND SOLE PRINTS PALM AND SOLE PRINTS ! Friction ridge patterns similar to fingerprints. ! Processed in the same manner as fingerprints. ! Individualizable. Palm Print Terminology ! palmar zone ! thenar zone (radial) ! hypothenar zone (ulnar) ! carpal delta (wrist) http://www.doj.state.wi.us/DLES/crimelabs/afis.asp 57 58 PALM AND SOLE PRINTS Miscellaneous Patterns Foot Print Terminology ! calcar zone (heel) ! ball pattern zone (big toe side) ! plantar pattern zone (little toe side of ball) ! tread – – ! Cheiloscopy: the study of lip prints. ! Lip prints are individual. zone (center) tibial pattern zone (center of arch; flat feet) fibular pattern zone (distal end of tread) http://www.cacegypt.org/grade8science/Pr ojects/Crime_Lab/Crime_Lab_Central.html 59 http://web.apolloparkps.vic.edu.au/Content/School_Pr ojects/Global_csi/2006_cases/case2/images/lip_prints .jpg 60 10 Miscellaneous Patterns prints may be individual Miscellaneous Patterns ! Ear Tattoos, branding marks, anthropometry (Bertillonage), portrait parle (personal descriptions). http://news.bbc.co. uk/1/hi/uk/235721. stm ! Line/striation patterns of fingernails seem to be individual. 61 http://www.shekpv ar.net/~dennis/Elib/ Astronomicon/Astro nomicon/Cosmos/Sc alePics/_-02FingernailImage.jpg 62 11