Lecture 6 Internet Pornography PDF

8/10/2024 PSYU/X3399: Psychological Science: Putting Theory into Practice Week 10: Internet pornography and the cultivation of violence toward women....

8/10/2024 PSYU/X3399: Psychological Science: Putting Theory into Practice Week 10: Internet pornography and the cultivation of violence toward women. Dr. Shireen Bernstein 1 Internet Pornography This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright 2 owner of (or has licence 2 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 1  8/10/2024 The Passion for Porn Multi million dollar iundustry $97 billion industry, with $12 billion coming from the U.S (NBC, 2015) SEMrush Traffic Analytics tool: as of May 2021, porn sites received more website traffic in the U.S. than Twitter, Instagram, Netflix, Pinterest, and LinkedIn combined (Semrush, 2021). Evolving business model - from traditional media content sales to subscription only to Youtube “free” content Evolution allowed rise of amateur content - no regulation In 2019 equivalent of nearly 6,650 centuries of porn consumed on Pornhub (Insights, 2019) OFFICE | FACULTY | DEPARTMENT 4 3 The Passion for Porn Controversy and criminality Clicks are king - advertising underpins industry - funnel to premium hardcore sites with commission Parent company of Pornhub is Mindgeek - owns many subscription sites = $$$ MindGeek also owns advertising service entity, TrafficJunky - mid 2021 = 4.6 billion daily ad impressions Pornhub banned in multiple countries and some platforms ⚬ Pornhub blocking service provision in some US states This material is provided to you as a due to age verification laws Macquarie University student for your ⚬ Instagram banned Pornhub in Sept 2022 following individual research and study purposes Federal Court ruling (Mindgeek sued for distributing only. You cannot share this material child exploitation material) and violation of commty stds. publicly online without permission. Macquarie UniversityOFFICE is the copyright | FACULTY | DEPARTMENT 4 owner of (or has licence 4 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 2  8/10/2024 What started this passion? TECHNOLOGY and IP Several concurrent technological developments in the late 1980s made this possible (Mccullough, 2015) 1. Video Graphics Array (VGA) made it possible for images, and specifically digital photographic images, to be rendered on the average personal computer screen. 2. Hard drives made possible the storage of personal files and programs on a user’s personal computer. 3. Once computers were networked, it was possible to distribute or trade pornographic materials, either as commerce or via peer-to-peer. 5 5 What is driving this Passion? Technology and Pornography Price et al. (2015) - data collected over forty years-changes in attitudes to pornography among U.S. young adults ⚬ Consumption increased across birth generations, beginning in the 1980s cohort Technology - cheaper and easier to manufacture sexually explicit material and for platforms to deliver material. Easier access to the multitude of free pornographic images Cooper (1998) - ‘Triple-A Engine’, namely; accessibility (i.e., This material is providedmillions to youofassites a available 24/7), affordability (i.e., competition Macquarie University student for your keeps prices low or free), and anonymity (i.e., people perceive individual research andtheir studycommunications purposes to be anonymous). only. You cannot share this material Changed viewing from habit of a few to almost normative publicly online without permission. pastime- COVID and lockdowns amplified 6 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 6 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 3  8/10/2024 Impact of COVID Increases in traffic 2020 7 Website Insights Searches for "corona virus" on Pornhub first appeared on January 25ᵗʰ2020 and continued to rise with the peak increase of 24.4% on March 25th when they offered free Premium access in multiple countries February to March 2020: all 27 countries, for which data were provided, showed increases in Porn use - ranging from 4 to 24% (Pornhub, 2020). Jurisdictions in which Pornhub made its premium services free This material is provided- more substantial to you as a increases were observed: 57%, 38%, and 61% increases Macquarie University student forinyour Italy, France, and Spain, respectively, each individual research andoccurring one day after free premium access was offered study purposes (Pornhub, only. You cannot share this 2020). material publicly online without permission. Macquarie UniversityOFFICE is the copyright | FACULTY | DEPARTMENT 8 owner of (or has licence 8 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 4  8/10/2024 Impact of COVID Change in traffic Australia Australia: Up to the end of 2020, there were around 28,500 cases of COVID-19, with 2 distinct peaks — one in March/April (affecting all states and territories) and one in June to September (mainly affecting Victoria) (AIHW, 2021). 9 9 Empirical evidence Covid & lockdowns = increases in social isolation, loneliness and stress (Wang et al., 2020) People with problematic pornography use may also relapse to pornography use - feeling powerless, hopeless, and disconnected from support programs (Mestre-Bach et al., 2020) Sharp increase in porn searches was seen in nations where coronavirus was widespread (Zatoni et al., 2020, Pornhub insights) Higher This material is provided to youuse asofapornography associations: aside from sexual arousal for Macquarie University student andyour enhancement, also links with coping, emotional avoidance and individual research and study purposes boredom (Paul & Shim, 2008; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011;material only. You cannot share this Bothe et al., 2020) Can be an avenue to explore sexuality (Arrington-Sanders et al., publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is2015) the copyright 11 owner of (or has licence 10 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 5  8/10/2024 Pornified Culture of Violence Why does this matter? Often depicts behaviours many adults do not see as mainstream, or enjoyable, often high risk - e.g. only 2–3 % of heterosexual encounters involve condom use (Gorman, Monk-Turner, Fish, 2010) Public health concern– sexual socialisation of young people by influencing their understanding of which sexual behaviours and attitudes are normative, acceptable and rewarding (Wright, Sun, Steffen & Tokunaga, 2014) Positive correlation between perceived realism of IP and degree of influence on an individual’s sexual development (Peter and Valkenburg 2010) Heterosexual men’s interest and engagement in dominant behaviours: both interest in watching and more frequent consumption of IP associated with men’s desire to engage in, or having already engaged in, behaviours such as hair pulling, slapping, choking, and verbal abuse etc (Wright et al., 2014). 11 The IP and Violence link Objectification Theory - Sociology Sexual objectification: instrumentalization or division of a woman's body, body parts, or sexual functions from her personhood (Fredrickson and Roberts,1997) Prioritising of female genitalia in IP, often to exclusion of female actor’s face (Fritz & Paul, 2017). Exemplified by particular sexual acts that suggest a women is simply an instrumental sexual object. IP depicts women as entities whose primary function is male sexual gratification This material is provided to depicted Men you as aas socially powerful and physically violent = reinforces assumptions Macquarie University student about gendered sexual behaviour (Fredrickson & Roberts, for your 1997; Wood, individual research and study purposes 1997). Women only. You cannot share this are often passive and coerced, pressured or “tricked” into sexual material acts publicly online without permission. 13 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 12 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 6  8/10/2024 The IP and Violence link What do we know? IP normalising sex acts most women do not enjoy and may experience to be degrading, painful or violating (Crabbe and Corlett 2010; Stanley et al., 2018, Fahs et al., 2014; Marston & Lewis,2014). Whether porn consumption is a reliable correlate of sexually aggressive behaviour continues to be debated. Meta‐analysis (Wright, Tokunga, Kraus, 2015) on pornography consumption and actual acts of sexual aggression based on general population studies ⚬ 22 studies from 7 different countries ⚬ Consumption associated with sexual aggression in US and internationally, among both males and females ⚬ Seen in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies ⚬ Associations stronger for verbal than physical sexual aggression, but both significant. 14 13 Theoretical Underpinnings Theoretical explanations of media violence link Cognitive: Priming Theory: (Berkowitz, 1984, 1990, 1993) – violent media activates or ‘primes’ other aggressive thoughts, evaluations, and behaviours such - greater willingness to use violence in interpersonal situations. Social learning theory: young children imitate almost any specific behaviours they see, including aggressive acts seen in media (Bandura, 1977) Social/Learning & Behaviour: Connection between observation and behaviour acquired through three social-cognitive structures This material is provided(Bushman to you as a & Huesmann, 2001; Huesmann, 1988, 1998): Macquarie University student for your 1. schemas about a hostile world individual research and study purposes 2. scripts for solving social problem that focus on aggression only. You cannot share this materialbeliefs that aggression is acceptable 3. normative publicly online without permission. 15 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 14 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 7  8/10/2024 Psychological Underpinnings The Media violence link – SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY General Aggression Model (GAM) (Bushman & Anderson, 2002) Factors in immediate situation (e.g. being insulted) combine with individual factors (e.g. beliefs about using aggression to solve problems, impulsive personality type, hostile attribution bias) combine to produce internal set of aggression related thoughts & feelings likely to lead to aggressive behaviour 16 15 Psychological Underpinnings The Media violence link – SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY General Aggression Model (Bushman & Anderson, 2002) and exposure to media violence Short term increases in aggressive behaviour following repeated violent media exposure due to Priming Mimicking Arousal changes This material is provided to you as a Macquarie UniversityLong student termfor your in aggressive behaviour following repeated increases individual research and study violent purposes media exposure due to only. You cannot share this material learning Observational publicly online without permission. Desensitisation of emotional processes 16 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 16 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 8  8/10/2024 The IP violence link HOW MIGHT IP Guide sexual behaviour? Substantial theory explains processes between media violence exposure and short and long-term increases in aggression and contributes to violent behaviour (Bandura, 1977; Berkowitz, 1993; Eron, 1963; Huesmann, 1988, 1998) Gender Schema theory (Bem 1981) - how children acquire sex- defined characteristics. During adolescence, understanding of socially dominant definitions of male and female roles is extended and refined. [Schema: a pattern of thought or behaviour that organises categories of information and the relationships among them] Physical maturing and socio-cultural context defines how to evaluate and handle these changes and prompts development of social and sexual selves in ways that are congruent with socially prevailing gender roles 17 17 Theoretical Underpinnings HOW Might IP guide Sexual behaviour? Sexual Script theory (Learning & Behaviour) – Huesmann (1986) - three components to understanding media effects on behaviour: ⚬ the acquisition of behavioural scripts, their activation and their application Acquisition effect occurs when observer learns a new behavioural script, not previously aware (Wright, 2011a). \ Activation of script when media exposure provides a cue for retrieval: ⚬ Variety of IP provides the opportunity to acquire new sexual scripts and to abstract higher order scripts (Huesmann, 1986) to This material is provided toform you general as a rules, such as about female desire and malleability of Macquarie University student consentyour for portrayed in IP (Paul, 2010; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010; individual research and study purposes Stanley et al., 2016). only. You cannot share this⚬ Activation material can occur with stimuli other than the original media source of the script, such as via sexual arousal – applied in this publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is thecontext (Wright, 2011) 18 copyright owner of (or has licence 18 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 9  8/10/2024 A Vocal Minority disagrees Critics of media violence link Personality: Viewers' pre-existing level of aggression draws them to violent media rather than use promoting aggressive behaviour (Elson & Ferguson, 2014). Effect is found BUT longitudinal studies, statistical modelling and experiments all show causal effects as well. Social violence is falling but violent media use is increasing, so there can be no connection: Seems to make sense at face value, but has several flaws: ⚬ Nearly all the research about everyday aggression, not more severe category of ‘acts of violence’ ⚬ Moderate aggression and violence are always multifactorial, impossible to determine contribution of single factor ⚬ The multifactorial nature of societal violence - some contributing factors can be increasing whilst others are decreasing, regardless of overall trend. 19 19 A Vocal Minority disagrees Critics of media violence link Some critics suggest the GAM theory doesn’t adequately allow for individual differences due to biology/personality. Detailed applications of the GAM clearly factor in these and many other influences (Anderson & Bushman, 2002; Bushman & Anderson, 2002; Warburton & Anderson, 2015, 2019). Also questioned the validity and relevance of social cognitive theories - odd approach given their huge evidence base Suggest small effect sizes found are not meaningful. ⚬ Many smaller psychological effects are very important (Funder & This material is provided toOzer, you 2019), as a as are many very small effects found in medicine. Macquarie University student for your exposure alone is neither necessary nor ⚬ media violence individual research and study purposes sufficient to cause moderately aggressive or violent behaviour. only. You cannot share thisBut,material risk of aggression may increase with an accumulation of risk publicly online without permission. factors without protective factors (and we can easily limit risk) 20 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 20 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 10  8/10/2024 Why the debate matters who is watching? IP exposure and children Note the 4pm spike – who do you think is watching? 22 21 IP and young people Technology and accessibility Teens spent average of 14.4 hours a week online – males spent more time online (15 hours) than females (13.8 hours). Among the top five negative online experiences of teens included receiving inappropriate, unwanted content such as pornography or violent material (20%) (eSafety, 2021) Most of the the free mainstream IP sites have NO barriers to entry for under 18s. Restriction software limited capability This material is provided to use Can youbrowser as a filters like Google Safe search and parental controls Macquarie University student onyour for devices /block at ISP (usually at a cost) individual research and Can cause study issues with searching content and many kids know purposes how to get only. You cannot share this material around/unblock publicly online without permission. 23 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 22 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 11  8/10/2024 Exposure of Children to IP Exposure characteristics Prevalence rates of intentional exposure - 7% of 10- to 17- year-olds in a U.S. study (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005) to 59% in a more recent study of Taiwanese 10-12th-grade students (Chen, Leung, Chen, & Yang, 2013). Prevalence rates for unintentional exposure - 19% of 10- to 12-year-olds in the U.S (Mitchell et al., 2003) to 60% among Australian girls and 84% among Australian boys aged 16 to 17 (Flood, 2007). U.S. study found average first exposure age was 11 years, with 100% of 15-year-old males and 80% of 15-year-old females reporting they had been exposed to violent, degrading IP (Horvath et al., 2013). 24 23 Exposure of children to IP Exposure Characteristics UK survey by the National Centre for Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) of more than 1,000 children (11-16 years) found that at least half had been exposed to IP (Martellozzo et al., 2016). Almost all (94%) seen IP by age 14. 39% of 13-14 year olds and 42% of 15-16 year olds said IP had given them “ideas about the type of sex to try out”. In an Australian study by Lim et al. (2017) in a sample of Victorians This material is providedaged 15-29 to you asyears, a the authors reported that: ⚬ 87% of participants reported ever viewing pornography Macquarie University student for your ⚬ Male participants reported higher frequency of porn viewing individual research and study purposes than females only. You cannot share this material ⚬ median age at first exposure: 13 years for males and 16 years for publicly online without permission. females 25 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 24 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 12  8/10/2024 The Passion for Porn Widespread exposure Our Watch (2018) survey of 2,000 young Australians (aged 15-20): ⚬ Median age first seeing pornography - 13 for boys and 16 for girls. ⚬ 78% previously seen porn - boys more likely to have actively looked for it on first exposure (50%) compared to girls (40%). ⚬ 56% boys viewed porn at least once a week in past 12 months and 17% indicating daily viewing. ⚬ 15% girls reported weekly usage, with 1% indicating daily viewing. OFFICE | FACULTY | DEPARTMENT 3 25 IP Exposure & Consequences What can we do about it? Key focus of my PhD: sexual socialization of adolescents and young adults Exposure characteristics – when, how, affective & cognitive reaction Exploring whether IP and sexually coercive/violent practices are being enacted by young adults in sexual relationships Is there a relationship between aggressive sexual behaviours and IP? This material is provided to you as ause of IP – how do we assess this? Problematic Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. 27 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 26 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 13  8/10/2024 Publications Why I THINK IT MATTERS… 1.Bernstein, S, Warburton, W., Bussey, K. and Sweller, N. (2021) Rule 34: If it exists, there is porn of it…” Insights into the content choices, viewing reasons and attitudinal impact of Internet Pornography among young adults. https://doi.org/10.1080/26929953.2021.1986763. Sexual Health and Compulsivity. 1.Bernstein, S., Warburton, W., Bussey, K., & Sweller, N. (2022). Pressure, preoccupation, and porn: The relationship between internet pornography, gendered attitudes, and sexual coercion in young adults. Psychology of Popular Media. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000393 1.Bernstein, S., Warburton, W., Bussey, K., & Sweller, N. (2022). "Beyond the Screen: Violence and Aggression towards Women within an Excepted Online Space" Sexes 3:1. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes3010007 1.Bernstein, S., Warburton, W., Bussey, K., & Sweller, N. (2022). Mind the Gap: Internet Pornography Exposure, Influence and Problematic Viewing Amongst Emerging Adults. Sexuality Research & Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022- 00698-8 28 27 Key Findings 1.Theoretical review - consumption of IP represents a credible risk factor in the perpetration of aggression and violence against women. Sexual violence, abuse, and degradation of women is commonly depicted in mainstream heterosexual IP. Contention is that depictions of violence in IP may contribute to real world aggression and violence against women, with two relevant spheres of inquiry proposed. ⚬ IP as a ‘zone of cultural exception’, in which the perpetration of violent and degrading acts against women are eroticized and celebrated, despite such behaviours being considered antisocial in wider society. This excepted status is enabled by the operation of the third person effect to negate the detrimental effects of IP. ⚬ The objectification and dehumanization of women in IP and the use of moral disengagement by viewers to enable their disavowal of any harm in the depicted violence. This material is provided toExposure 2.Early you as: Mosta male (57.3%) and female (33.7%) respondents recalled their first exposure to IP as occurring between 12 and 14 years; however, 28.2% of males and 23.7% Macquarie University student for your females recalled their exposure as occurring between 9 and 11 years, and a small proportion individual research andwere study purposes exposed even earlier. Higher IP viewing frequency, positive affective responses to IP at current exposure, elevated sexual impulsivity and the endorsement of IP-related sexual only. You cannot share beliefs this were material all found to be associated with self-assessed problematic IP viewing (Bernstein publicly online withoutetpermission. al. 2022). 29 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 28 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 14  8/10/2024 Key Findings 1.IP viewing motivations linked to mood management or emotional avoidance were positively associated with problematic IP (PIP) viewing. Higher levels of sexual sensation seeking, adversarial sexual beliefs and moral disengagement were also associated with the tendency to adopt personal sexual behaviours consistent with those viewed in IP (IP - congruent behaviour) and PIP viewing. Sensation seeking, moral disengagement, IP - related fantasizing and the interaction between moral disengagement and PIP viewing were all significant predictors of IP-congruent behaviour (Bernstein et. al., 2021). 1.Environment and person factors that might lead individuals to be more susceptible to the development of problematic IP viewing, and the endorsement of gendered and sexually aggressive beliefs and attitudes were examined. Positive associations were found between problematic IP viewing, stereotypical gendered attitudes, IP-congruent beliefs (including beliefs that endorse sexual coercion). Problematic IP viewing was also associated with psychological vulnerability factors such as higher levels of sexual impulsivity, depression, and the tendency to dissociate. Higher stereotypical gendered beliefs, higher IP-congruent sexual beliefs, and higher sexual impulsivity all uniquely contributed to the prediction of problematic IP viewing (Bernstein et al. 2022). 30 29 Why others think it matters Effects on BEHAVIOUR and Wellbeing Internationally, longitudinal research found that early and more frequent exposure to pornography are both associated with initiation of sexual behaviours at younger age amongst adolescents (Brown & L’Engle, 2009; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013) Young people report using IP as a form of sexual education and incorporating pornography-inspired practices into their real life sexual experiences (Svedin, Kerman & Priebe, 2011) Correlation noted between poor mental health and frequent use of pornography–Swedish study found nearly 20% of daily pornography This material is provided to you users had as a depressive symptoms, significantly more than infrequent Macquarie University student for your users (12.6%) (Svedin et al.). individual research and study purposes Increased self-objectification and body surveillance related to use only. You cannot share this of IP material for both young males & females (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, publicly online without 2013, permission. Häggström-Nordin et al, 2006; Martellozzo et al., 2016; Tomson et al., 2014). Macquarie University is the copyright 31 owner of (or has licence 30 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 15  8/10/2024 Why others think it matters cultural endorsement of Violence AGAINST WOMEN Exposure to violence against women in media linked with: reduced sympathy for female victims of violence, increased rape myth acceptance, increased attitudes in support of sexual violence, more stereotypical gender role attitudes, increased negative attitudes toward women, and increased aggression toward women (Emmers-Sommer, Pauley, Hanzal, & Triplett, 2006; Fischer & Greitemeyer, 2006; Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010; Kahlor & Eastin, 2011; Kistler & Lee, 2010; Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000; Weisz & Earls, 1995). Growing evidence base on preventing violence against women and children by addressing underlying determinants : messages mainstream IP generates about gender, equality and (hetero)sexuality, how messages might shape the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of children and young people in forming respectful relationships (Quadara et al., 2017). 32 31 Exposure of children to IP NSW Response NSW government is first to hold parliamentary inquiry into impacts of pornography on young people Attorney General Michael Daley requested a parliamentary committee look into and report on the impacts of violent and misogynistic pornographic material on mental, emotional and physical health. Inquiry will examine the impact of exposure to harmful pornography on children, teenagers and young adults as part of This material is provided its to terms you asofareference, as well as improvements to supports to parents and carers to educate children about pornography. Macquarie University student for your Recognises need to address domestic violence and sexual individual research and study purposes assault from every angle, including the normalisation of only. You cannot share this material misogyny and violence online publicly online without permission. 26 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 32 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 16  8/10/2024 Attitudes and behaviour Cultural endorsement of Violence AGAINST WOMEN The 2021 National Community Attitudes Suggests community support for gender towards violence against women found: role attitudes relating to men’s 25% of respondents strongly or entitlement to sex, sexual dominance, somewhat agreed that a man may and insatiable and uncontrollable sex drives and women– minimises men’s not realise a woman does not want to responsibility for sexual violence have sex if he is very sexually aroused perpetration and their failure to respect women’s consent 21% of respondents agreed (strongly Suggests objectifying and victim- or somewhat) that a woman who blaming attitudes - objectified women sends her partner a naked picture of perceived to be more responsible for herself is partly responsible if the being sexually assaulted and for image- based abuse (“revenge porn”) and less partner then shares the image worthy of help or support from others without her consent (E. Holland & Haslam, 2016; Loughnan et al., 2013; Serpel & Brown, 2022; Spaccatini et al., 2022). 33 33 IP and young people Pornography and problematic and harmful sexual behaviours Australian Child Maltreatment Study (Mathews et al, 2023) Australian CSA prevalence was 28.5% Prevalence by perpetrator classes: other known adolescents (non-romantic): 10.0%; parents/caregivers in the home: 7.8%; other known adults: 7.5%; unknown adults: 4.9%; adolescents (current/former romantic partners): 2.5%; institutional caregivers: 2.0%; siblings: 1.6%; unknown adolescents: 1.4%. Prevalence of child sexual abuse by other adolescents, This material is providedespecially to you asbyathose who are or were in a romantic relationship, has substantially Macquarie University student for your increased. Why? ⚬ sexualisation individual research and study purposes of adolescence ⚬ only. You cannot share this materialpeople’s increasing exposure to pornography young ⚬ young women’s growing awareness of sexual coercion publicly online without permission. and non-consensual experiences - increased reporting 23 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 34 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 17  8/10/2024 Countering the paradigm School Education How do we address this issue? Need to treat young people as agentic rather than passive – educate them to become critical of content & decode messages Most education is in secondary school- Love Bites, Consent Labs, Elephant Ed, R4Respect. Need to engage earlier Concepts need to be established early and reinforced – boundaries, respect, consent, recognising control. The Australian Curriculum Version 9.0, (released May 2022 implementation from 2023) - ensure students receive more explicit education on positive and respectful relationships and consent. States and territories implement independently 34 35 ACARA version 9 Optional content elaboration year 9 & 10 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. 41 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 36 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 18  8/10/2024 Countering the paradigm School Education Currently NO universally taught IP education programs in Australian schools – instead schools that choose to address this do so with limited presentations/outside experts Young people and teachers agree schools should teach about the risks of IP viewing. Prefer peer-led discussions among 16- to 18-year-olds, followed by teacher-led discussions and small group work (Baker, 2016). July 2024 : Federal Govt announced funding to support delivery of evidenced-based, age-appropriate and expert-developed respectful relationships education in schools nationally $77.6 million to states and territories and non-government school sector to deliver programs in schools across Australia 35 37 Countering the paradigm School Education States and territories and the non-government school sector will decide how to use funding to meet local needs. Implementation of the respectful relationships education activities guided by the National Respectful Relationships Education Expert Working Group. Program promotes healthy interactions between boys and This material is provided to girls you as -a key measure in the First Action Plan under Macquarie University student Nationalyour for Plan to End Violence against Women and individual research and study purposes Children 2022–2032 only. You cannot share this material Complements the Government’s national consent publicly online without permission. campaign 35 Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence 38 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 19  8/10/2024 Pornography and Consent 41 39 Reflections What would you say? How you would address IP viewing with ⚬ 1. A young person? Reassurance, frank open dialogue. ⚬ 2. Their parents? Maintaining open lines of communication, remaining calm, avoiding shame are key. Nationally consistent curriculum is needed. Rather than an optional content elaboration - needs to be mandated. In meantime.... resources: ⚬ E-safety provides advice for parents about how to discuss IP with your child : https://www.esafety.gov.au/parents/skills- This material is provided to you as a advice/hard-to-have-conversations Macquarie University student⚬ Parenting for yourand Pornography: individual research and studyhttps://www.esafety.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019- purposes 09/summary-report-parenting-and-pornography.pdf only. You cannot share this material ⚬ Resources for young people on Its Time we Talked: publicly online without permission. https://itstimewetalked.com/young-people/ Macquarie University is the copyright 40 owner of (or has licence 40 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 20  8/10/2024 References Arrington-Sanders R, Harper GW, Morgan A, Ogunbajo A, Trent M, Fortenberry D. (2015) The role of sexually explicit material in the sexual development of same-sexattracted Black adolescent males. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 44:597-608. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(6), 527–534. doi:10.1037/h0046546 Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw- Hill. Bernstein, S. (2017) Cultivating a Porn Aesthetic: The Role of Internet Pornography in the Sexual Socialisation of Contemporary Emerging Adults, unpublished manuscript. Bonomi, A., Altenburger, L. E., & Walton, N. L. (2013). “Double Crap!” Abuse and Harmed Identity in Fifty Shades of Grey. Journal of Women's Health, 22(9), 733-744. doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4344 42 41 References continued Bronstein, C. (2008). No more black and blue: women against violence women and the Warner Communications boycott, 1976-1979 (Case study). Violence Against Women, 14(4), 418-436. doi:10.1177/1077801208314832 Brown JD, L’Engle KL. (2009). X rated: Sexual attitudes and behaviors associated with U.S. early adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit media, Communication Research, 36:129-51. Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: a test of the general aggression model.(Author Abstract). Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1679. doi:10.1177/014616702237649 Crabbe, M., & Corlett, D. (2011). Eroticising inequality: Technology, pornography and young people. Redress, 20(1), 11-15. This material is provided to you as a Crabbe, M., & Corlett, D. (2014). Love and Sex in an Age of Pornography. Reality and Risk Project. 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