Infant Development Across The Life Span (1) PDF

Development Across The Life Span (1) Dr. Aljoharah Alkanaan Table of contents 01 02 Development of Development of Newborn and Infancy Toddler Period Periods  Development of Newborn & Infancy Periods Newborn Period It is the first 4 weeks or first...

Development Across The Life Span (1) Dr. Aljoharah Alkanaan Table of contents 01 02 Development of Development of Newborn and Infancy Toddler Period Periods  Development of Newborn & Infancy Periods Newborn Period It is the first 4 weeks or first month of life. It is a transitional period from intrauterine life to extra uterine environment. Newborn begins to carry on respiration, obtain nutrients, digest nutrients, excrete wastes, regulate body temperature, and make cardiovascular adjustments. Infancy Period It starts at the end of the first month up to the first year of age. Infant's growth and development during this period are rapid. It is a time of extreme dependency on adults. It has a continued rapid growth, particularly the brain development leads to physical, cognitive, and psychosocial important changes. Physical Development & Perception Physical development refers to the changes in the body size (height, weight,….including brain size). This development is rapid during infancy.  Touch Vision Hearing Taste Smell Senses Touch It is the most highly developed sense. It is mostly at lips, tongue, ears, and forehead. The newborn is usually comfortable with touch.  Newborn: Vision Pupils react to light. Bright lights appear to be unpleasant to newborn baby. 2 months: He follows a moving object beyond the midline of vision.  Newborn: Pupils react to light. Bright lights appear to be unpleasant to newborn baby. 2 months: Vision He follows a moving object beyond the midline of vision. He follows a moving person nearby. 3 months:  He follows a moving object beyond the midline of vision. He follows a moving person nearby. 3 months: Vision He turns eyes to a moving light or dangling object. He follows an object moving from right to the left, and up and down (binocular coordination) He turns head to look for sound. 4 months:  He follows an object moving from right to the left, and up and down (binocular coordination) He turns head to look for sound. 4 months: Vision He stares at rattle in his hand. He follows a moving object well with eyes. He begins a hand – eye coordination. 5 months:  He stares at rattle in his hand. He follows a moving object well with eyes. He begins a hand – eye coordination. 5 months: Vision He inspects objects visually for a long period of time. 9 months: He follows objects through transition from one place to  He inspects objects visually for a long period of time. 9 months: Vision He follows objects through transition from one place to another.  Newborn: Hearing He makes usually some response to sound from birth. He responds to sounds with either cry or eye movement, cessation of activity and / or startle reaction. 3 months:  He makes usually some response to sound from birth. He responds to sounds with either cry or eye movement, cessation of activity and / or startle reaction. 3 months: Hearing He turns head to attempt to locate a sound. 4 months: He turns towards sound mainly to the right and left & look  He turns head to attempt to locate a sound. 4 months: Hearing He turns towards sound mainly to the right and left & look in that direction. 10 months:  He turns towards sound mainly to the right and left & look in that direction. 10 months: Hearing He recognizes his name 12 months:  10 months: He recognizes his name 12 months: Hearing He locates sounds in any direction and turn towards them. Taste Newborn: It is well developed as bitter and sour fluids are resisted while sweet fluids are accepted. 6 Month: He has preference in taste for foods. Smell The newborn has a highly sensitive sense of smell. He can recognize his mother by her natural scent and that's what he will most want to smell. He will also be drawn to the scent of the breast-milk. These smells are connected to his basic need for comfort and food. Motor Development & Reflexes Milestones of Motor Development Infants motor development takes place in a sequential order and this type of development proceeds from head towards the limbs. Newborn: Reflexes carry out bodily functions and responses to external stimuli. Can hold hand in fist. When crying, he draws arms and legs to body. Milestones of Motor Development 2 months 4 months 6 months 9 months 12 months Holds Holds head Sits Hand Walking head up steady without Knees when on alone without support crawling tummy. support Reflexes Rooting Reflex: He turns its head toward the touch and attempts to suck in response to stroking its cheek (to find food). Sucking Reflex: He begins sucking rhythmically, in response to inserting a finger or nipple into its mouth. Grasping Reflex: He attempts to grasp the object in response to an object pressed against its palm. Reflexes Moro Reflex: He arches his back and throws his arms outward in response to a shock or loud noise. Stepping Reflex: He walks in response to holding the infant so that his feet barely touch a surface. Babinski Reflex: He twists his foot inward and fan out his toes in response to stroking the side of its foot. Plantar Reflex: He curls his toes under in response to touching the ball of the foot. Cognitive Development  It includes the baby's ability to think, learn, understand, problem-solve, reason, and remember. From birth, the baby absorbs information and starts building cognitive skills — even if it's not obvious at first. In fact, the care and experiences can affect the development of the baby’s brain. Piaget believed that as babies begin to grow and learn about their environment through their senses, they begin to engage in intentional, goal-directed behaviours. The new-born can use rooting reflex and learn that crying results in parents’ response of feeding, diapering, and cuddling.  During late infancy period, the infant’s behaviour progresses from biological reflex activity through simple repetitive acts to imitative activity. Babies intentionally repeat actions that bring them pleasure and desired outcomes. In other words, they do things on purpose because it feels good, or it gets them what they want. For example, a small infant may suck on her fist because it feels good to her, and it soothes her. Researchers believe that babies of this age may also develop expectancy about cause-and-effect situations. Babies will begin to see that a pattern of events is connected and begin to expect the second event after they experience the first event. For example, a baby of this age may learn that when they see a bottle, they expect they will soon be fed. According to Piaget, the infant is in the sensorimotor stage: Birth - 1st Month: Most action is reflexive. 1st-4th Month: He explores objects by grasping or mouthing them. They are unaware of what he can cause or what action occurs independently. 4th-8th Month: He is able to realize that his action can initiate pleasurable sensation. 8th-12th Month: He can discover objects. Psychosocial & Language Development  Newborn: Social Deep attachment between the baby and the mother develops. Crying is their way of communication. Eye contact, touching, and feeding are the most important factors for normal psychosocial development. 6 weeks - 4 months: Social smile  Deep attachment between the baby and the mother develops. Crying is their way of communication. Eye contact, touching, and feeding are the most important factors for normal psychosocial development. 6 weeks - 4 months: Social Social smile The emotions for family members appear. They begin to laugh, which demonstrates that they can recognize incongruity in actions that deviate from the norm. 7 - 9 months: He shows fear of stranger (stranger anxiety).  They begin to laugh, which demonstrates that they can recognize incongruity in actions that deviate from the norm. 7 - 9 months: He shows fear of stranger (stranger anxiety). Social Separation anxiety. This feeling continues to the preschool period. He responds socially to his name. He plays simple games with adult. 10 -12 months: He can express several recognizable emotions, such  Separation anxiety. This feeling continues to the preschool period. He responds socially to his name. He plays simple games with adult. 10 -12 months: Social He can express several recognizable emotions, such as anger, sadness, pleasure, anxiety. Expresses limited facial expressions. Overcomes stranger anxiety.  3 months: Language Smile Make cooing sounds. Quiet or smile when spoken to. Have different cries for different needs. 6 months: Gurgling sounds when playing.  Smile Make cooing sounds. Quiet or smile when spoken to. Have different cries for different needs. 6 months: Language Gurgling sounds when playing. Babble & a range of sounds. Voice to show likes and dislikes. Respond to changes in the tone of your voice. 12 months: Try copying speech sounds.  Voice to show likes and dislikes. Respond to changes in the tone of your voice. 12 months: Try copying speech sounds. Say a few words, such as "dada," "mama" and "uh-oh." Language Understand simple commands, such as "Come here." Know words for common items, such as "shoe." Development of Toddler Period Physical Development The toddler stage is between 1 to 3 years of age. During this period, growth slows considerably. Motor Development  1 years: Motor Uses fingers to feed self. Tries to use a spoon. Climbs on and off a couch or chair without help Scribbles. 2 years: Run.  Uses fingers to feed self. Tries to use a spoon. Climbs on and off a couch or chair without help Scribbles. 2 years: Run. Motor Kicks a ball. Walks up a stairs. Eats with spoon 3 years: Uses hands to twist things, like turning doorknobs or unscrewing lids.  Walks up a stairs. Eats with spoon 3 years: Uses hands to twist things, like turning doorknobs or unscrewing lids. Motor Strings items together, like large beads Takes some clothes off by himself Puts on some clothes by himself Jumps off the ground with both feet Cognitive Development  1-2 years: Cognitive Identify objects that are similar Imitate the actions and language of adults Learn through exploration Point out familiar objects and people in picture books Tell the difference between "Me" and "You" Understand and respond to words  2-3 years: Identify their own reflection in the mirror by name Imitate more complex adult actions (playing house, pretending to do laundry, etc.) Cognitive Match objects with their uses Name objects in a picture book Respond to simple directions from parents and caregivers Sort objects by category (i.e., animals, flowers, trees, etc.) Stack rings on a peg from largest to smallest Psychosocial & Language Development  2 years: Express learned emotions such as shame, embarrassment, Emotional and pride. Learns emotion regulation (the ability to recognize and label emotions and then to control emotional expression in ways that are consistent with cultural expectations) Temper tantrum. Sibling rivalry. 3 years:  Learns emotion regulation (the ability to recognize and label emotions and then to control emotional expression in ways that are consistent with cultural expectations) Temper tantrum. Sibling rivalry. 3 years: Emotional Understand society’s rules regarding the appropriate expression of emotions. Stranger anxiety dissolve. Social Egocentric in play: A parallel play which is a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another's behavior. The toddler enjoys toys that require action (blocks, telephone, balls that fit inside each other). At 2nd year: ▪ He can imitate actions (duplicate behavior of others). ▪ He enjoys stories. ▪ He takes toys from other children. Language Development 15 months 18 months 24 months 30 months 2 -3 years - Talks constantly. 4-6 words 10 words Around - Uses plurals. Learns second (mainly or more 300 words names) - Gives first & last name. language Thanks End of lecture 5