Lecture 5 Software Design PDF

Lecture 5 Design Concepts “How to create the software?” 1 Topics What is Design? Designing Software Design Concepts 2 1. What is Design? 3 What Is Design? Explaining the idea/concept of something...

Lecture 5 Design Concepts “How to create the software?” 1 Topics What is Design? Designing Software Design Concepts 2 1. What is Design? 3 What Is Design? Explaining the idea/concept of something Usually with graphical diagrams With the intention to build from the explanation So a design is a representation of a product or a system with sufficient detail for implementation TSE2101 Software Engineering Fundamentals 4 Designing A House If you are asked to design a house… D W W Kitchen Room 2 D WC D Living Room Room 1 D W W TSE2101 Software Engineering Fundamentals 5 Design Mitch Kapor, the creator of Lotus 1-2-3, presented a “software design manifesto” in Dr. Dobbs Journal. He said: Good software design should exhibit: Firmness: A program should not have any bugs that inhibit its function. Commodity: A program should be suitable for the purposes for which it was intended. Delight: The experience of using the program should be pleasurable one. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 6 Software Design Encompasses the set of principles, concepts, and practices that lead to the development of a high quality system or product Design principles establish and overriding philosophy that guides the designer as the work is performed Design concepts must be understood before the mechanics of design practice are applied Software design practices change continuously as new methods, better analysis, and broader understanding evolve. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 7 2. Designing Software 8 Designing Software From our understanding of the problem, we start building the software Translate the analysis model into the design model Map the information from the analysis model to the design representations - data design, architectural design, interface design, component-level design TSE2101 Software Engineering Fundamentals 9 Software Engineering Design Data/Class design – transforms analysis classes into implementation classes and data structures Architectural design – defines relationships among the major software structural elements Interface design – defines how software elements, hardware elements, and end-users communicate Component-level design – transforms structural elements into procedural descriptions of software components These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 10 Analysis Model → Design Model Com pone nt - scenar i o- based f l ow- or i ent ed Le v e l De sign el ement s el ement s use-cases - text data flow diagrams use-case diagrams control-flow diagrams activity diagrams processing narratives swim lane diagrams Int e rf a c e De sign Analysis Model Arc hit e c t ura l De sign cl ass- based behavi or al element s el ement s class diagrams state diagrams analysis packages sequence diagrams CRC models Da t a / Cla ss De sign collaboration diagrams Design Model These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 11 Design and Quality the design must implement all of the explicit requirements contained in the analysis model, and it must accommodate all of the implicit requirements desired by the customer. the design must be a readable, understandable guide for those who generate code and for those who test and subsequently support the software. the design should provide a complete picture of the software, addressing the data, functional, and behavioral domains from an implementation perspective. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 12 Quality Guidelines A design should exhibit an architecture that (1) has been created using recognizable architectural styles or patterns, (2) is composed of components that exhibit good design characteristics and (3) can be implemented in an evolutionary fashion A design should be modular; that is, the software should be logically partitioned into elements or subsystems A design should contain distinct representations of data, architecture, interfaces, and components. A design should lead to data structures that are appropriate for the classes to be implemented and are drawn from recognizable data patterns. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 13 Quality Guidelines A design should lead to components that exhibit independent functional characteristics. A design should lead to interfaces that reduce the complexity of connections between components and with the external environment. A design should be derived using a repeatable method that is driven by information obtained during software requirements analysis. A design should be represented using a notation that effectively communicates its meaning. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 14 Design Principles The design process should not suffer from ‘tunnel vision.’ The design should be traceable to the analysis model. The design should not reinvent the wheel. The design should “minimize the intellectual distance” [DAV95] between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world. The design should exhibit uniformity and integration. The design should be structured to accommodate change. The design should be structured to degrade gently, even when aberrant data, events, or operating conditions are encountered. Design is not coding, coding is not design. The design should be assessed for quality as it is being created, not after the fact. The design should be reviewed to minimize conceptual (semantic) errors. From Davis [DAV95] These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 15 3. Design Concepts 16  Fundamental Concepts Abstraction—data, procedure, control Architecture—the overall structure of the software Patterns—”conveys the essence” of a proven design solution Separation of concerns—any complex problem can be more easily handled if it is subdivided into pieces Modularity—compartmentalization of data and function Information Hiding—controlled interfaces Functional independence—single-minded function and low coupling Refinement—elaboration of detail for all abstractions Aspects—a mechanism for understanding how global requirements affect design Refactoring—a reorganization technique that simplifies the design OO design concepts—classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, etc. Design Classes—provide design detail that will enable analysis classes to be implemented These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 17 Data Abstraction Door Manufacturer Model Number Type Swing Direction Inserts Lights Type Number Weight Opening Mechanism Implemented as a data structure. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 18 Procedural Abstraction Open Details of Enter Algorithm Implemented with a "knowledge" of the object that is associated with enter. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 19 Architecture “The overall structure of the software and the ways in which that structure provides conceptual integrity for a system.” [SHA95a] Structural properties. This aspect of the architectural design representation defines the components of a system (e.g., modules, objects, filters) and the manner in which those components are packaged and interact with one another. For example, objects are packaged to encapsulate both data and the processing that manipulates the data and interact via the invocation of methods Extra-functional properties. The architectural design description should address how the design architecture achieves requirements for performance, capacity, reliability, security, adaptability, and other system characteristics. Families of related systems. The architectural design should draw upon repeatable patterns that are commonly encountered in the design of families of similar systems. In essence, the design should have the ability to reuse architectural building blocks. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 20 Patterns Design Pattern Template Pattern name—describes the essence of the pattern in a short but expressive name Intent—describes the pattern and what it does Also-known-as—lists any synonyms for the pattern Motivation—provides an example of the problem Applicability—notes specific design situations in which the pattern is applicable Structure—describes the classes that are required to implement the pattern Participants—describes the responsibilities of the classes that are required to implement the pattern Collaborations—describes how the participants collaborate to carry out their responsibilities Consequences—describes the “design forces” that affect the pattern and the potential trade-offs that must be considered when the pattern is implemented Related patterns—cross-references related design patterns 21 Separation of Concerns Any complex problem can be more easily handled if it is subdivided into pieces that can each be solved and/or optimized independently A concern is a feature or behavior that is specified as part of the requirements model for the software By separating concerns into smaller, and therefore more manageable pieces, a problem takes less effort and time to solve. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 22 Divide And Conquer S1 S2 P1 P2 S5 P5 P4 P3 S3 S4 TSE2101 Software Engineering Fundamentals 23 Modularity "modularity is the single attribute of software that allows a program to be intellectually manageable" [Mye78]. Monolithic software (i.e., a large program composed of a single module) cannot be easily grasped by a software engineer. The number of control paths, span of reference, number of variables, and overall complexity would make understanding close to impossible. In almost all instances, you should break the design into many modules, hoping to make understanding easier and as a consequence, reduce the cost required to build the software. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 24 Modularity: Trade-offs What is the "right" number of modules for a specific software design? module development cost cost of software module integration cost optimal number number of modules of modules These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 25 Sizing Modules: Two Views What's How big inside?? is it?? MODULE These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 26 Information Hiding Module Algorithm Controlled Data Structure Interface Details of External Interface Resource Allocation Policy Clients “Secret" A specific design decision. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 27 Why Information Hiding? Reduces the likelihood of “side effects”. Limits the global impact of local design decisions. Emphasizes communication through controlled interfaces. Discourages the use of global data. Leads to encapsulation—an attribute of high quality design Results in higher quality software. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 28 Functional Independence Functional independence is achieved by developing modules with "single-minded" function and an "aversion" to excessive interaction with other modules. Cohesion is an indication of the relative functional strength of a module. A cohesive module performs a single task, requiring little interaction with other components in other parts of a program. Stated simply, a cohesive module should (ideally) do just one thing. Coupling is an indication of the relative interdependence among modules. Coupling depends on the interface complexity between modules, the point at which entry or reference is made to a module, and what data pass across the interface. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 29 Stepwise Refinement Open Walk to door; Reach for knob; Open door; Repeat until door opens; Turn knob clockwise; Walk through; If knob doesn't turn, then Close door. Take key out; Find correct key; Insert in lock; EndIf Pull/push door; Move out of way; EndRepeat These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 30 Aspects Consider two requirements, A and B. Requirement A crosscuts requirement B “if a software decomposition [refinement] has been chosen in which B cannot be satisfied without taking A into account. [Ros04] An aspect is a representation of a cross-cutting concern. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 31 Aspects—An Example Consider two requirements for the SafeHomeAssured.com WebApp. Requirement A is described via the use-case Access camera surveillance via the Internet. A design refinement would focus on those modules that would enable a registered user to access video from cameras placed throughout a space. Requirement B is a generic security requirement that states that a registered user must be validated prior to using SafeHomeAssured.com. This requirement is applicable for all functions that are available to registered SafeHome users. As design refinement occurs, A* is a design representation for requirement A and B* is a design representation for requirement B. Therefore, A* and B* are representations of concerns, and B* cross- cuts A*. An aspect is a representation of a cross-cutting concern. Therefore, the design representation, B*, of the requirement, a registered user must be validated prior to using SafeHomeAssured.com, is an aspect of the SafeHome WebApp. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 32 Refactoring Refactoring is the process of changing a software system in such a way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code [design] yet improves its internal structure. When software is refactored, the existing design is examined for Redundancy; Unused design elements; Inefficient or unnecessary algorithms; Poorly constructed or inappropriate data structures; Any other design failure that can be corrected to yield a better design. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 33 OO Design Concepts Design Classes: Entity Classes Boundary Classes Controller Classes Inheritance—all responsibilities of a superclass is immediately inherited by all subclasses. Messages—stimulate some behavior to occur in the receiving object. Polymorphism—a characteristic that greatly reduces the effort required to extend the design. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-Hill, 2009) Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 34 Design Classes Analysis classes are refined during design to become entity classes Boundary classes are developed during design to create the interface (e.g., interactive screen or printed reports) that the user sees and interacts with as the software is used. Boundary classes are designed with the responsibility of managing the way entity objects are represented to users. Controller classes are designed to manage the creation or update of entity objects; the instantiation of boundary objects as they obtain information from entity objects; complex communication between sets of objects; validation of data communicated between objects or between the user and the application. These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 35 Design Class Characteristics Complete - includes all necessary attributes and methods) and sufficient (contains only those methods needed to achieve class intent) Primitiveness – each class method focuses on providing one service High cohesion – small, focused, single-minded classes Low coupling – class collaboration kept to minimum These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8/e (McGraw-Hill, 2014) Slides copyright 2014 by Roger Pressman. 36