Lecture 5 - Memory Processes PDF

Lecture 5 ========= PYB 102 AUG 22, 24 Today's Lecture content - From perception to memory - Encoding - Understanding attention - Storage - Sensory memory - Short term memory (STM) - Working memory - Long term memory (LTM) - Retrieval - Serial position effect Basic P...

Lecture 5 ========= PYB 102 AUG 22, 24 Today's Lecture content - From perception to memory - Encoding - Understanding attention - Storage - Sensory memory - Short term memory (STM) - Working memory - Long term memory (LTM) - Retrieval - Serial position effect Basic Processes of memory - Three basic processes are needed for any successful act of remembering 1. Encoding: transform sensory stimuli into a from that can be placed in memory 2. Storage: effectively retaining information for later use 3. Retrieval: locating the item and using it (e.g., recall vs recognition) Encoding  slhippo1 The Role of Attention in Encoding - Cherry's (1953) "cocktail party phenomenon" - How do we concentrate on one conversation only? - Attention = 'filter' (Broadbent, 1958) - Assumptions: 1. Stimuli processed in parallel 2. One stimulus allowed through filter while other remains buffered 3. Filter prevents overload in system - Models of selective attention - Amount/type of attention determines quality of encoding - 'Depth' of processing is also influential - Maintenance rehearsal I. Rote repetition of information, without transformation into a deeper more meaningful code - Elaborative rehearsal II. Meaning processing of information Craik & Tulving (1975) hat - Superficial: written in upper case? No - Phonological: does it rhyme with mat? Yes - Semantic (deep): Does it fit into this sentence? The man put on his...\...\... Yes - Recognition task: old or new - Best learning in semantic condition Other meanings of enriching encoding - Elaborative rehearsal: thinking about the material while trying to memorise.i.e., what the poem is about - Visual imagery: concentrate objects recalled better than abstract items - Self- referent encoding applying information processed to own self Storage  Memory Storage A diagram of a sensor system Description automatically generated - Sensory register: storage system that registers (and briefly holds) information from the senses I. Iconic memory: related to visual system ![MPj04285880000\[1\]](media/image7.jpeg) - \ - This is called a whole report task - He found that no matter how many letters he presented, the participants could not recall more than 4.5 letters on average Iconic Memory The partial- report task - Sperling (1960) asked whether this limit of 4.5 letters reflected the amount participants could see or the amount they could recall - He tried to answer this by lowering the memory load of the task - This partial -report task went as follows: I. The participants viewed the matrix of letters for a brief time II. After the letters disappeared, the participants were presented with a sound to tell them which row to recall (partial position report task) III. The participants reported only what they remembered from the probed row. Iconic Memory A group of black letters Description automatically generated The partial-report task - Sperling (1960) argued that the proportion of letters recalled from a given row must reflect the proportion of letters seen in the whole display - This is reasonable because the participants did not know which row would be probed while the letters were visible. - Sperling (1960) found that the participants could recall about 75% of the letters in any row. - Thus, Sperling (1960) extrapolated that the participants must have 'seen' 9 of the 12 letters in the display. - In one of his experiments, Sperling (1960) presented matrices containing an equal number of both consonants and digits and used two auditory probes to tell participants to report either the letters or the digits. - Unlike his earlier experiments where the probe identified which row (position) to report, Sperling (1960) did not observe a partial report superiority effect when he used this partial category report task. - This suggests that the contents of the icon are not yet \"recognised\" - that the icon is just a \"raw visual image\". Memory Storage  2\. *Short term memory (STM):* intermediate storage system that briefly holds information prior to consolidation - How large is STM? How long does it last? Consider memory span / digit span studies Short Term Memory Task Try to remember the following digits (and write them down when asked to recall) - \~ 20 seconds duration - Measure recall for varying length digit lists: 7 ± 2 - But you can inflate this score... - "Chunking": units of *[subjective]* organisation - For example: - phone numbers 3485 9235 \- credit cards 4567 2373 3537 4854 - Use what works well for you Short Term Memory: A traditional view A diagram of short-term memory Description automatically generated - Duration can exceed 20s: rehearsal - Without rehearsal information is lost: decay - Information also lost through interference Is STM one unitary system? - Dual-task technique: one concurrent memory task (e.g. digits), combined with a task dependent on STM (e.g. reasoning) - Increase in latency: only 35% - Error rate constant - Pattern cannot be accounted for by assuming unitary STM - Inference: digit span set by subcomponent of STM, with other components still available to process information - Working Memory  Baddeley, 2000 Working Memory: Key Components - Phonological (articulatory) loop/buffer: - responsible for the manipulation of speech-based information - Visuospatial sketchpad: - responsible for setting up and manipulating visual & spatial images - Central executive: - attentional system which supervises and controls the two 'slave' systems Memory Storage 3\. ***Long Term Memory (LTM)***: storage system that retains information for a long period of term - Large capacity. - Long duration - Different types of LTM Retrieval Free Recall- Serial position effect U-shaped curve Free Recall- some general effects - ***Primacy effect***: memory best for things learned first - ***Recency effect***: memory also good for things learned last (but mostly this is STM contribution to the task) - ***Context***: memory is better when you are in the context you learned the material in - ***Internal state***: memory is better when your internal state is the same as at the time of learning