Cognitive Basis of Psychology Revision Pt2 PDF

Assumption1: Mental processes guide behaviour Identify what schema theory is: schema theory is a conceptual framework that “represents” how the brain organises information. Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of schema theory: The advantages of schema theory is that it enables us to store the...

Assumption1: Mental processes guide behaviour Identify what schema theory is: schema theory is a conceptual framework that “represents” how the brain organises information. Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of schema theory: The advantages of schema theory is that it enables us to store the central meaning/gist of new information without remembering precise details. The disadvantages of schema theory is that if the information does not fit into our schemas, it can be ignored resulting in stereotyping. Identify assimilation and accommodation: a simulation is updating the existing schemas with new information. Accommodation is when the updating of existing schemas are introduced to new subcategories. Outline and describe the two main types of schemas of females: the two main types of schemas are prototypes and exemplar an example of a prototype, is curly hair, tanned skin, singing voice, and the exemplar would be Beyoncé. Identify what reconstructive memory is, and how it demonstrates schema theory: reconstructive memory is the theory of memory recall, which is when memories are actively and continuously rebuilt when we are trying to remember certain topics. Reconstructive memory demonstrates schema theory as it shows how people remember, we construct memories by trying to fit them into existing schemas. Describe the aim method, results and conclusion of the war of the ghosts experiment : the aim was to prove that individuals do really have schemas. Bartlett conducted this experiment by reading this story to 20 students which had unusual features. He then asked them to recall the story on several occasions after a few hours days, weeks, or even years he found that the participants, a; shorten the story and b; confabulated the details, such as turning the phrase, canoes and paddles into boats and oars Describe the aim method result and conclusion of the Elizabeth loftus car crash experiment: the aim was to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of speed estimates. The question about how fast were the cars going when they hit each other acted as an independent variable since it was manipulated. Nine subjects heard the sentence with the word hit in it and an equal number of the remaining subjects were asked the same question, but with a different verb, such as smashed or collided. The estimated speed was the dependent variable since it was changing. The results showed that people judged speed by the affected wording. The results suggest that the more severe schemas, such as smashed produced faster, travelling speeds and leading questions manipulate reconstructive memories. Evaluate the assumption(strengths, and limitations): a strength of the assumption mental processes guide behaviour is that. A limitation of the assumption is that it can lead to stereotyping and close mindedness. Assumption 2: Mental processes can be studied scientifically Identify primacy and recency effect: primacy effect is remembering the first five words better than the middle five. The recency effect is remembering the last five words better than the middle five. Identify the duration and the capacity of the sensory, short-term and long-term memory store : the sensory memory has a duration of zero. 2 to 4 seconds and a capacity of unlimited. The short-term memory has a duration of 30 seconds, and a capacity of 7+- 2. The long-term memory has a duration of unlimited and a capacity of an unlimited. Diagram of A-S model: Explain Primacy and Recency effect with A-S model: In terms of the A-S model the primacy effect occurs because when info and words initially goes into sensory memory then into the short term memory, provided attention and given if you rehearse it, then consolidated into the long term memory. For the recency effect when the info and words go into the sensory memory, then into the short term memory it dosnt reach the long term memory. Describe maintenance and elaborative rehearsal (active and passive): maintenance rehearsal is passive and is repeated in your head. Elaborative rehearsal is active and is the process of making new information meaningful by linking it with material already stored in long term memory. Identify the 7 steps of the scientific method: generate a question, write a hypothesis, design a procedure, results, analyse results, interpret results and publish a report. Evaluate the assumption (strengths and limitations): The strengths of the second assumption is that it provides evidence that is objective, empirical to support the claim. The limitation of the assumption is that it's difficult to isolate and study mental processes. Assumption 3: Mental processes can be improved through C.B.T Identify what phobia and provide an example: A phobia is an excessive fear of a seemingly harmless thing and those affected, go to great lengths to avoid certain situations. An example of a phobia is claustrophobia. Identify the theorist of classical conditioning and evaluate: the theorist of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov and he continuously paired the sound of a bell with dog food and eventually the dogs began to salivate with the sound of a bell alone. Outline how Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to a bell using the language of CC: The NS is the sound of the bell, the UCS is the food and the UCR is the dogs salivating. During conditioning the NS + UCS paired together to elicit a UCR of salivation and eventually the CS became the bell and the CR became the salivating. Identify what C.B.T is: an effective treatment approach for a range of mental and emotional health issues, including anxiety and depression. Identify the cognitive and behavioural component to C.B.T: the cognitive component is about identifying negative thoughts and feelings and replacing them with positive ones. The behavioural component is identifying the negative behaviours relating to the issue and developing/maintaining more positive behaviours. Evaluate the assumption (strengths and limitations): a strength is that. A limitation is that it ignores the biological and sociocultural factors.