Lecture 5 Cardiovascular System PDF

lecture 5 cardiovascular system dr. Nadia Elyas the cardiovascular system  the cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system (1)provides blood supply throughout the body. By responding to various stimuli, (2)it can control the velocity and amount of blood carried...

lecture 5 cardiovascular system dr. Nadia Elyas the cardiovascular system  the cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system (1)provides blood supply throughout the body. By responding to various stimuli, (2)it can control the velocity and amount of blood carried through the vessels. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart and vessels work together intricately to provide adequate (3)blood flow to all parts of the body.  BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS There are two blood circulatory systems in the body. The first: is the systemic circulatory system. This is the main blood circulatory system that transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body. The second is the pulmonary circulatory system. This circulatory system moves blood between the heart and lungs. It is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.  CIRCULATION PATHWAYS Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta and distributed to the body. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava. Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.  STRUCTURE OF THE HEART Blood follows the following path through the heart: Blood lacking oxygen returns from the body and enters the right atrium (upper right chamber) via the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava veins. Blood flows through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle (lower right chamber). The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve and out of the heart via the main pulmonary artery. The blood then flows through the left and right pulmonary arteries into the lungs. Here, the process of breathing draws oxygen into the blood and removes carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood is now rich in oxygen. The blood returns to the heart and flows into the left atrium (upper left chamber) via four pulmonary veins. Blood flows through the mitral valve and enters the left ventricle (lower left chamber). The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic valve into a large artery called the “aorta.” This artery delivers blood to the rest of the body.  WHAT ARE HEART VALVES? The heart consists of four chambers, two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). There is a valve through which blood passes before leaving each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. These valves are located on each end of the two ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle. Normal valves have three flaps, except the mitral valve, which has two flaps. The four heart valves include the following: tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta  HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS Maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. Factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, and genetics can impact cardiovascular health. Common cardiovascular diseases include hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and stroke.  common cardiovascular diseases 1. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): 1. A condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high, which can lead to heart disease and stroke. 2. Coronary Artery Disease: 1. Occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain (angina) or heart attacks. 3. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): 1. Happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. 4.. Stroke*: Occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, leading to brain damage. It can be caused by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). 5. Heart Failure: 5. A condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.  Lifestyle Factors for Cardiovascular Health Diet: A heart-healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats while limiting saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and added sugars. Exercise: Regular physical activity strengthens the heart muscle, improves circulation, and helps maintain a healthy weight. Smoking Cessation: Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Regular Check-ups: Monitoring blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and overall heart health can help catch potential issues early.