Human Development Index (HDI) Measurement

Health and Economic Development

• Human Development Index (HDI) measures well-being by considering life expectancy, mean years of schooling, and gross national income per capita.
• Poverty affects health by limiting access to healthcare and increasing risks to certain health outcomes.

Globalization and Health

• Globalization increases access to medical goods and services, and promotes technological progress in healthcare.
• It also globalizes health risks, such as the spread of diseases like COVID-19.

Environment and Health

• A safe environment is essential for health, with clean air and water, fertile land, and disaster-resilient infrastructure.
• Environmental stressors like pollution, noise, and climate change-linked disasters negatively impact health.
• ASEAN Community Blueprints 2025 aim to advance a healthy environment.

Politics and Health

• Corruption, authoritarianism, and political instability can negatively impact health outcomes.
• In some ASEAN countries, politics has affected the response to the pandemic.

Social Policies and Health

• Well-designed social policies can promote health and well-being by supporting access to essential goods and services.
• Transformative social policies can enhance welfare and create access to healthcare for all.

Health and Development

• Health is an intrinsic good and a means to, and indicator of, development.
• There is a strong positive correlation between health and GDP.
• Economic development promotes better health, and a healthy population results in a healthy economy.
• Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Health Indicators in ASEAN

• Incidence rate of tuberculosis in ASEAN was 236 cases per 100,000 population in 2018.
• Incidence of malaria in ASEAN was generally low, at about 0.5 per 1,000 population during 2016-2018.
• Death rates due to road traffic injuries in ASEAN stood at 13.7 deaths per 100,000 population.
• 25.4% of the population aged 15 and over in ASEAN were users of tobacco in 2016.
• Maternal mortality ratio in ASEAN was 235 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2016.
• 83.3% of births in ASEAN were attended to by skilled health personnel in 2018.
• About 30 out of 1,000 children born alive died before reaching age 5 in 2016-2018.
• Neonatal mortality rate in ASEAN averaged about 15 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018.
• There were 37.6 adolescent births for every 1,000 females aged 15-19 years in ASEAN in 2016.

The Right to Health

• The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) recognizes the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
• The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (2012) also affirms the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical, mental, and reproductive health, and to have access to medical facilities.
• The Constitution of the Philippines (1987) protects and promotes the right to health of the people.

Social Determinants of Health

• Social determinants of health are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes, such as conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
• Examples of social determinants of health include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies, and political systems.

ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda

• The mission statement is to promote a healthy and caring ASEAN Community, where the people achieve maximal health potential through healthy lifestyle, have universal access to quality health care and financial risk protection, and have safe food and a healthy diet, live in a healthy environment with sustainable inclusive development where health is incorporated in all policies.

Health and Development

• Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development.
• Development processes and issues also affect health.
• Maternal mortality ratio was 235 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2016.
• In 2018, 83.3% of births in the region were attended to by skilled health personnel.
• About 30 out of 1,000 children who were born alive died before reaching age 5 in 2016-2018.
• Neonatal mortality rate in ASEAN averaged about 15 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018.
• There were 37.6 adolescent births for every 1,000 females aged 15-19 years in ASEAN in 2016.

Health and Development Indicators

• The incidence rate of tuberculosis in the AMS was 236 cases per 100,000 population in 2018.
• Incidence of malaria was generally low in the region, at about 0.5 per 1,000 population during the period 2016-2018.
• Death rates due to road traffic injuries in the region stood at 13.7 deaths per 100,000 population.
• In 2016, 25.4% of the population 15 years old and over in ASEAN were users of tobacco.

Health and Economic Development

• There is a strong positive correlation between health and GDP.
• Economic development also promotes better health.
• Human development index (HDI) is another measure of the well-being of a country’s population, focusing on the three basic dimensions of human development: ability to lead a long and healthy life, ability to acquire knowledge, and ability to achieve a decent standard of living.

Poverty and Health

• Poverty remains one of the most salient development issues in the ASEAN.
• Poverty is linked with other development issues such as food insecurity and illiteracy, among others.
• Lack of economic resources forces people into precarious situations that increase their risks and make them vulnerable to certain health outcomes, all the while limiting one's access to health services.

Globalization and Health

• ASEAN has become a beacon of multilateral cooperation in a world darkening with greater protectionism.
• Globalization processes change the nature of health, including the transfer of risks, globalized health care and inputs, increased trade flows, and increased information flows.
• Medical tourism is an example of globalization's impact on health.

Environment and Health

• Local environment, also impacted by development processes, can affect health.
• Ideal environment features include clean air and water, fertile land for food production, and energy and material inputs for production, disaster resilient infrastructures, and ample recreational spaces.
• Stressors include pollution, noise, hazardous chemicals, unsafe drinking water, and ravages of climate change-linked disasters.
• ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (2012) recognizes the right to a safe, clean, and sustainable environment.
• ASEAN Community Blueprints 2025 (2015) seek to advance elements of a healthy environment.

Politics and Health

• Corruption, the rise of authoritarianism, and political instability also impact health outcomes.
• Examples of the impact of politics on health include the response to the pandemic in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Myanmar.

Health and Development

• Health is viewed as an intrinsic good and a means to, and an indicator of, development.
• Development processes and issues also affect health.

Maternal and Child Health

• Maternal mortality ratio: 235 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2016.
• In 2018, 83.3% of births in the region were attended to by skilled health personnel.
• About 30 out of 1,000 children born alive died before reaching age 5 in 2016-2018.
• Neonatal mortality rate: 15 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018.
• Adolescent births: 37.6 per 1,000 females aged 15-19 years in 2016.

Other Health Issues

• Incidence rate of tuberculosis: 236 cases per 100,000 population in 2018.
• Incidence of malaria: generally low in the region, at about 0.5 per 1,000 population during 2016-2018.
• Death rates due to road traffic injuries: 13.7 deaths per 100,000 population.
• Tobacco use: 25.4% of population 15 years old and over in ASEAN were users of tobacco in 2016.

Health and Economic Development

• There is a strong positive correlation between health and GDP.
• Human development index (HDI) measures well-being, focusing on life expectancy, education, and income.
• Poverty remains a significant development issue in ASEAN, affecting health through limited access to health services and increased risks.

Globalization and Health

• Globalization changes the nature of health, leading to globalized risks, healthcare, and information flows.
• Medical tourism is an aspect of globalization in ASEAN.