Lecture 4 (1) Pharmaceutical Information Resources PDF

Information Resources In Pharmacy ‫إنه عصر المعلومات‬  In the 21st century information is everywhere; Pharmacists need reliable and updated information.  An updated pharmacists must be able to: 1. Find and identify different types of...

Information Resources In Pharmacy ‫إنه عصر المعلومات‬  In the 21st century information is everywhere; Pharmacists need reliable and updated information.  An updated pharmacists must be able to: 1. Find and identify different types of information from different resources. 2. Help patients in getting information about drugs, diseases and therapies.  Types of information Resources Primary literatures Secondary literatures Special information sources Sources on the internet Types Primary literature. Research articles published in Scientific journals Secondary literature. Review articles Textbooks Drug monographs Special sources. Pharmacopoeia Formularies Drug compendia  Sources on the internet.  A) Primary Literatures Research articles published in Scientific journals SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS where researches are published Scientific journals: Scientific journal is the channel through which scientific research is reported, evaluated and published.  The researchers conduct their experiments The researchers write the results in a standard format  manuscript The The authors researchers submit the manuscript to a journal The journal editor sends the manuscript to one or more referees to revise The accepted manuscripts are published in the journal Steps of publishing a research: a) The researchers conduct & finish their experiments b) The researchers  The authors write the results in a standard format (manuscript) c) The authors submit the manuscript to a journal d) The journal editor sends the manuscript to one or more referees e) The referees revise the manuscript f) The accepted manuscripts are published in the journal THE MANUSCRIPT First page must include: Name of the scientific Journal , volume , date Paper title (research subject) Author(s) name(s) Affliation (Where they work) a) ABSTRACT: Summary of the reserch methods & results b) INTRODUCTION: Review of the past researches in the same field  c) EXPERIMENTAL: Experimental part is written with specification of: - All the chemicals used & their sources - The used equipment - Experiments done and there methods (how were they done) d) RESULTS: Expressed as: Text Figures Tables e) DISCUSSION: To explain what the results mean f) CONCLUSION:To highlight the main results g) REFERENCES: A list includes different information resources used  Journal name Publisher and Logo Logo Journal Name Volume Paper Title (Year) Pages Abstract Authors and their affiliations (Where They Work) Introduction  Author(s)/ Page No. Journal Experimental Results FIGURES TEXT  Conclusion Table Acknowl- edgement References Discussion As researchers finish a study, they write their research in the following manner: 1. Abstract (summary). 2. Introduction. 3. Experimental: Description of methods used 4. Results and Discussion of what the results mean. 5. Conclusion 6. List of references. Most famous JOURNALS in pharmaceutical science Journal of Pharmaceutical Science J. Pharm. Sci. International Journal of Pharmaceutics Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceutical Research Pharm. Res. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. Types Primary literature. Research articles published in Scientific journals Secondary literature. Review articles Textbooks Drug monographs Special sources. Pharmacopoeia Formularies Drug compendia  Sources on the internet.  2. Secondary Literature Secondary literatures include: a) Review articles b) Text books c) Drug monographs  a- REVIEW ARTICLES A review article on certain topic = A summary of the researches done on certain topic since it was discovered until the publication time One can find review articles in: Journals Special book collections Name of the Journal , volume , date Review article title Author(s) name(s) Affliation (Where they work) Abstract Introduction Manuscript Body conclusion References The review article should be written in the following pattern: 1. Abstract (summary). 2. Introduction. 3. Manuscript body 4. Conclusion 5. List of references.  b- TEXT BOOKS The textbook : Is a book about a particular subject area (field) that containing all the details used in the study of that subject Usually named after their authors Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Usually named after their authors Goodman & Gilman: The Pharmacologic Bases of Therapeutics Usually named after their authors Martin’s Physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences  b) TEXTBOOKS Usually named after their authors * Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy * Goodman & Gilman: The Pharmacologic Bases of Therapeutics * Martin’s Physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences  c) DRUG MONOGRAPHS A publication specific for a drug (or class of related drugs) such as: - All the physical & Chemical properties of the drug. e.g. drug structure, molecular weight , melting point, freezing point, expected reactions, main analytical techniques, …etc -The amounts of active and inactive ingredients it may contain  c) DRUG MONOGRAPHS Might be present in special books such as : Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons Types Primary literature. Research articles published in Scientific journals Secondary literature. Review articles Textbooks Drug monographs Special information resources. Pharmacopoeia Formularies Drug compendia  Sources on the internet.  3. Special information sources include: Pharmacopoeias  Formularies Drug compendia 1-Pharmacopoeias Include: Information about ALL the drugs : Contains drug monograph (all information on drugs) of the drug including: -Physical & Chemical properties of the drug (drug structure, molecular weight , melting point, …etc) -- The amounts of active and inactive ingredients -Their therapeutic uses, expected effects, and side effects. - Drug interactions. -Directions for use. Pharmacopoeias also contain: Specifications for:  Raw materials Pharmaceutical processes(the processes of drug manufacturing) Medicinal accessories(e.g. infusion pump system may include an infusion pump and a stand, the stand would be considered the accessory to the infusion pump, and the infusion pump would be considered the parent device.)  Analytical techniques Dosage forms and their quality control  Pharmacopoeias are written by: Highly specialized persons in pharmacy & medicine  Authorized by: Governments or international agencies. The world’s best-known national pharmacopoeias a. United States Pharmacopoeia/ National Formulary (USP/NF) b. British Pharmacopoeia (BP) a. United States Pharmacopoeia/ National Formulary (USP/NF) a. United States Pharmacopoeia/ National Formulary (USP/NF) Published in one volume Containing 2 different titles: USP NF The larger part The smaller part Monographs on: Monographs on: Drugs Excipients Therapeutic agents b. British Pharmacopoeia (BP)  Published in 2 volumes  Authorized by the government of Great Britain c. Martindale: The extra Pharmacopoeia Not a true pharmacopoeia  A drug compendium containing information on drugs from all-over the world (ex. Proprietary names & manufacturers)  c. Martindale: The extra Pharmacopoeia Contain current information on: - drugs and medicines (physical and chemical properties, uses, effects, side effects,…etc) - inactive ingredients (Excipients, their uses, etc…) - preparations - diseases. - pharmacological and therapeutic groups (antihypertensives, anticoaagulants, oral antidiabetics, etc…)  3. Special information sources include: Pharmacopoeias  Formularies Drug compendia  2-Formularies List of drugs Approved for use by Government Hospital Organization ……etc.  3-Drug Compendia  Reference works containing information on: therapeutic use of drugs, dosage, contraindications, adverse effects and Pharmacokinetics of drugs. Each of these works is arranged slightly differently with its own criteria for inclusion, but all include monograph for drugs with details on their therapeutic use. Examples: Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) Handbook of Nonprescription Products Handbook on Injectable Drugs Types Primary literature. Scientific journals Secondary literature. Review articles Textbooks Drug monograph Special sources. Pharmacopoeia Formularies Drug compendia  Sources on the internet. d. Resources on the internet Libraries  There are thousands of scientific journals published worldwide  Not very long ago, researcher needed: Standard bibliography (the systematic listing of books and other works such as journal articles) Printed indexes & abstracts found only in library  Major scientific pharmacy websites FDA: PharmInfoNet: http://www.fda.gov http://www.pharminfo.com Egyptian knowledge bank www.ekb.eg PharmWeb: PubMed: http://www.pharmweb.net http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov