Pharmacognosy-I Lecture 6 Medicinal Leaves PDF

Pharmacognosy-I PG 101 and CPG 101 BY Amani Moukhtar Marzouk Professor of Pharmacognosy Mansoura University Lecture 6  Lecture 6 Leaves and Leaflets Medicinal Leaves By Professor Dr Amani M. Marzouk ...

Pharmacognosy-I PG 101 and CPG 101 BY Amani Moukhtar Marzouk Professor of Pharmacognosy Mansoura University Lecture 6  Lecture 6 Leaves and Leaflets Medicinal Leaves By Professor Dr Amani M. Marzouk  Senna leaflets Folia sennae, Senna Leaves, Fleulle de Sene, Foglia di Sena, Sennesblatt, Sanamekki. ‫ســــنا مكي‬ Origin: the dried leaflets of the paripinnate leaf of Cassia acutifolia Delile, known as Alexandrian or Khartoum senna, and Cassia angustifolia Vahl, known as Tinnevelly or Indian senna, Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae), subfamily, Caesalpinoideae. They are allied drugs To differentiate between Alexandrian senna and Indian senna, examine: 1. Size of leaflets. 2. The presence of impression on the lamina due to the midrib of other leaflets. (package effect) 2. The symmetry of the base. 3. Stomatal index. 4. Vein-islet number. Substitutes of Official Senna: Allied drugs Cassia obovata (dog senna): upper Egypt, broad ovate leaf, papillosed lower epidermis. Arabian senna: it is the wild variety of Cassia angustifolia growing in KSA. It is longer and narrower. Cassia auriculata: KSA, long leaf (3x), upper palisade is two layers, crimson red colour with H2SO4. Adultrants of Senna leaves: Solenstemma argel (family Apocynaceae): upper Egypt, bitter taste, rigid, wrinkled and twisted leaf. It is considered an adultrant of senna leaf and is free from anthracene derivatives. Argel leaf Leaf Anatomy Pericyclic fibres T. S. Diagram of senna leaflet T. S. sector in lamina region 1- Isobilateral Lamina 2- Stomata are paracytic on both surfaces 3- Trichomes are unicellular non glandular covered with warty cuticle. 4- Epidermal cells contain mucilage. 5- Pericyclic fibers show true crystal sheath (true crystal sheath means a group of fibres surrounded with parenchyma cells where each prenchyma cell contains a prism of Ca ox) 6- Clusters of Ca Ox in mesophyll  Powder: Odour is faint and characteristic, taste is mucilaginous, slightly bitter and acrid. Active Constituents: 1) The chief constituents of Alexandrian senna are glycosides of derivatives of anthracene. Two of these are named sennoside A and sennoside B. The aglycone of sennoside A (= Sennidin A) is (+) rotatory while that of sennoside B (= Sennidin B) is a meso-form. 2) A third active glycoside is probably derived from the anthranol of aloe-emodin, having a powerful synergistic effect with the two sennosides. 3) Small amounts of aloe-emodin and rhein also occur in the free state. 4) Naphthalene glycoside (6-hydroxymusizin) in Alexandrian senna and XXXXXXXXX (Tinnevellin ) in Indian senna (for test see the previous table) 5) Other constituents are kaempferol, myricyl alcohol, phytosterolin (phytosterol XXXXXXXXX glycoside) and mucilage. Active Constituents Uses:  Dose: 0.5 – 2 gm dry leaflets  Side effects, Contraindications and drug – drug interactions: A. Anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit-forming B. Abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma. C. They are contraindicated in cases of Abdominal pain of unknown origin, acute intestinal inflammation (e.g., Crohn’s disease and colitis ulcerosa), and appendicitis. D. Should not be used during lactation (rhein accumulates in milk), pregnancy, or with children under 12 years old E. Cause disturbance of electrolyte balance, especially hypokalemia leading to cardiomyopathy, muscular weakness especially with concurrent use of cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids, or diuretics. F. Herbal laxative preparations, such as cascara and senna for example, can cause an increase in the potency of cardioactive drugs like digoxin, antiarrythmic drugs like quinidine and thiazide diuretics. Dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba F. Ginkgoaceae. 1. Fan-shaped. 2. Deeply notched apex. 3. Margin: Entire (lower half) and variously finely notched or finely crenate (upper half). 4. Symmetric base. 5. Green or brownish yellow color. 6. Characteristic odor and bitter taste. Active Constituents The standardized Extract of Ginkgo leaf contains: 1. Flavonoids (25%). 2. Sesquiterpenoids (e.g. Bilobalide, 3%). 3. Diterpenoids (e.g. Ginkgolides A–C, 3%). 4. Condensed tannins (catechol) 5. Amino acids. Claimed uses of Ginkgo Extract  Age-related physical and mental deterioration: - Schizophrenia (120-240 mg/3-6 months). - Alzheimer's disease and dementia.  Cardiovascular Disease (decrease oxidative stress).  Cerebral vascular insufficiency and impaired cerebral performance e.g. loss of memory, attention, or alertness, and depressive mood.  Vertigo and altitude sickness.  Tinnitus (ringing in the ear).  More research is needed to support these claimed uses because there are conflicting results for research on Ginkgo effectiveness. Dried leaves of Hammamelis virginiana F. Hammamelidaceae Active Constituents 10% Tannins 1. Condensed (catechol) Tannins (proanthocyanidins) Major part 2. Hamamelis-tannins (pyrogllo or hydrolyzable tannin) Uses of Hamamelis extract 1. Astringent for dry and cracked skin. 2. Haemostatic for treatment of hemorrhoids and minor blood extravasations. 3. Calming and healing effect on irritated red skin. 4. Local anti-inflammatory.  Hedera helix leaf Ivy, common ivy or English ivy  Itis the dired leaves of Hedera helix family Araliaceae.  Nativeto most of Europe and Western Asia. Claimed uses: based on clinical studies  Expectorant and bronchodilator for relief of chesty cough  It is based on clinical trials.  Other effects based on pharmacological studies: Antiinflammatory, antispasmodic and antimicrobial activities. Traditional uses: included use in gout and rheumatism  Lang C, et al., Planta Med 2015;81:968-974.  Lang C, et al., Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 2015;36:192-196.  Fazio S, et al., Phytomedicine 2009;16.1:17-24.  Schaefer A, et al., Pharmazie 2016;71(9):504-509.  Bolbot Y, et al., Drugs of Ukraine 2004;11:1-4.  Kraft K. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 2004;25:179-181.  Maidannik V, et al., Pediatrics, Tocology and Gynecology 2003;4:1-7.  Meyer-Wegener, J et al., Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin 1993;69:61-66.  Schlenger R. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 2003;143(49) [translation].  Runkel F, et al., Pharmazeutische Zeitung 2005;15.04:19-25.  European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products, EU herbal monograph on Hedera helix. Retrieved from link.  Gaedcke F. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 1991;131:2251-2255.  IMS MIDAS data, Absatz MAT12/2017.  Active constituents  Triterpene saponins: hederasaponnins A-I  Hederasaponin C (hederacoside c) is the major compound  Flavonoid glycosides: rutin and quercetin  Phenolic acids  Alkaloid: emetin