Lecture 3 Civil War Restoration PDF

The British Isles: Challenges & Landmarks Revolution and Republicanism Britain as a republic: the civil war and Cromwell’s ‘free state’ (1640 – 1660)...

The British Isles: Challenges & Landmarks Revolution and Republicanism Britain as a republic: the civil war and Cromwell’s ‘free state’ (1640 – 1660) Oliver Cromwell by Robert Walker oil on canvas, circa 1649 NPG 536 The civil war and the end of the Monarchy The Stuart dynasty Charles Ist, son of James Ist (Jacobean era – 1603-1625) Became King in 1625 Fervent believer in ‘Divine Right Monarchy’ Ruler of 3 kingdoms: England, Ireland and Scotland Robert Filmer, Patriarcha, 1680 Paintings of Charles 1 (1600 – 1649) by Anthony King Charles I, by unknown artist, given to the van Dyck National Portrait Gallery, London. Organisation of power in the 17th c. The Monarch’s power: immense yet partly limited by parliament The Court: important nobles and officials close to King The Parliament: - Nobles and gentry (MPs) – collected King’s taxes - Rich landowners, smaller landowners and few rich merchants - Important civic role: magistrate and police forces King addressing parliament and MPs advising King. If King to raise funds, agreement of MPs necessary.  Charles’s court Peter Paul Rubens, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham,© Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas Anthony van Dyck, Henrietta Maria with Sir Jeffrey Hudson. © Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington. Peter Paul Rubens, Self-portrait, 1623. Royal Collection Trust Anthony van Dyck, Anthony van Dyck, c.1640.National Portrait Gallery, London. Rubens, Le Jugement de Pâris, 1638.  - Charles ruling without summoning parliament for 11 years (1629-1640) - 1640 – summons parliament to raise money - Extravagant costs anger parliament The Parliament under Charles II (1641) Growing discontent over King’s expenditures. An order to pay a bill for embroidering royal gowns, March 1627 (Catalogue ref: SP 39/19/51) Transcript: Charles, by the grace of God. Greetings to the Treasurer and under- Treasurer of our Exchequer. Upon recent request to us by Charles Gentey, embroiderer to our dearest wife, Queen Mary, we order you, our Treasurer, to pay him the sum of £913, 10 shillings. The sum is owed to him for certain stuff [cloth?] and embroidering fifteen gowns for our dearest wife and thirteen ladies. ‘Personal rule’: a conflictual period King responsible to God alone / Character of King not suited to political communication ‘the eleven years tyranny’ Monopolies and patents (control of trade) New customs duties (more income) Appointment of William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. Attempt to reform Anglican Church William Laud Discontent of Puritans (hard-line protestants) – after Sir Anthony van Dyck based on a work of 1636 Henry Burton and William Prynne, martyr figures National Portrait Gallery NPG 171 Scotland: own Presbyterian Church (Kirk) Satirical print showing Arshbishop William Laud with a Puritan ‘ennemy’ Henry Burton. - Laud (later imprisoned) vomiting pamphlets he wrote against Puritans - Burton’s ear shown bleeding.  Charles’s attempts to introduce the Book of Common Prayer in the three Kingdoms (England, Scotland and Ireland) to anglicize religious practices A 1642 engraving by Wenceslaus Hollar - Scottish worshippers rebel against a bishop reading from the Booke of Common Prayer (© The Trustees of the British Museum) The Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh (1638) Those who signed the Covenant were known as Covenanters - Second Bishops’ War: Scots invade North of England - King’s army defeated; money needed to settle the conflict - The Parliament is summoned in 1641 – will remain til 1660: the Long Parliament The Scots crossing the river Tyne at Newburn Ford during the Second Bishops’ War (© The British Library Board/Digital Store 9504.h.2) Charles 1st petitioned in 1640 - Londoners politically active – more Puritans there wanting major reforms - King petitioned in 1640 – expression of grievances over taxes and religion a petition sent to Charles on 24 September 1640 (ref: National Archives Rare Books Collection) A published document – circulation of grievances Development of public opinion (≠ France) December 1641 - The Grand Remonstrance Puritan MPs present to the king the ‘Grand Remonstrance’ as to limit his powers. King refused and tried to have MPs arrested King leaves for York and propaganda war begins between Cavaliers and Roundheads Civil War begins in 1642 Civil war begins in August 1642 Charles I raising his standard at Nottingham in 1642 (© Courtesy of the National Army Museum, London)  First Civil War: 1642 - 46 - Parliamentary army vs Royalist army - Parliament controls major ports, incl. London while King has North of England, Wales and Cornwall A pamphlet depicting a woman sending her husband to war (© Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images) Scottish Covenanters and English parliamentaries ally to counter Royalist army of Charles Parliament improved army by ‘professionalizing’ it. The New Model Army (22,000 men) created and supervised by Thomas Fairfax. One outstanding commander: Oliver Cromwell – soon to be leading figure of parliamentaries.  Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) and the Battle of Naseby (June 1645) - Minor Country landowner - 1640: An elected Puritan MP for Cambridge. - Victory of Parliament at Naseby, 1645. - 1647: Cromwell: Commander of New Model Army. ‘Oliver Cromwell’, by Robert Walker oil on canvas, circa 1649 NPG 536 Parliamentary victory at Battle of Naseby Engraving by unknown artist, 1702. 1648 – The second Civil War illustration of Charles I trying to regain his authority from the Isle of Wight (© Universal History Archive/Getty Images) - King secured Scots’ support from Isle of Wight. - Summer 1648: the Scots invade England; Royalists in southern England attack the army. Both defeated by Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax More radical MPs take control of Parliament (known as Rump Parliament) and New Model Army seize power 1649 – The Rump Parliament condemns Charles Ist to death for his attempt to ‘uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people’. Charles I’s execution. Image suppressed in England but circulated on Continent. (© National Portrait Gallery, London) Casualties and effects of civil war - 180,000 people died (3.6% of population). - Nightmare experience for civilians since men forced into army. - Free food and shelter to be provided when soldiers turned up in villages - Plundering and destruction - Impact on witch trials The Commonwealth of England (1649-60) - UK ruled as republic for 10 years (1649 – 1660) - Monarchy and Privy Council abolished, and replaced by Parliament and a Council of State, the latter elected each year - From 1653, Cromwell introduced a written constitution - Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland - Catholics persecuted – adopted Puritan lines (theatres closed, sports banned, Christmas celebration suppressed) Cromwell: a divisive figure - The statue of Cromwell outside the Houses of Parliament, and after the BLM movement  Cromwell’s imposed constitution 1655: ruled wth out parliament. Britain under military rule. Gradually unpopular as tyrannical leadership As Lord Protector, Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658. Restoration of Monarchy and Stuart dynasty in 1660. Charles II was crowned in Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, restoring the monarchy to England after 11 years of Commonwealth rule (© Fine Art Images/Heritage Images via Getty Images) Further references Laurent Turcot, ‘L’Histoire nous le dira’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlCB80y3GYI English heritage: https://www.english- heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/the-english-civil-wars-history- and-stories/the-english-civil-wars/ National Archives: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/2021080211 2859/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/civilwar/g 3/key/#p5