Lecture 2b. Destructive behaviours and Screening for NCDs (3) PDF

Announcements !  Quiz 2 – on Unit 2A+ 2B (from 4pm today, 7th Aug –21st Aug 2023)  No second chances for a quiz.  Screenshot for reset.  Online Assessment 1 – (21st -25th August 2023)  Scope =Unit 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A  Marks = 70  Duration = 90 minutes  Mcq, short essays, matc...

Announcements !  Quiz 2 – on Unit 2A+ 2B (from 4pm today, 7th Aug –21st Aug 2023)  No second chances for a quiz.  Screenshot for reset.  Online Assessment 1 – (21st -25th August 2023)  Scope =Unit 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A  Marks = 70  Duration = 90 minutes  Mcq, short essays, matching columns, T/F, fill in the blanks  Sick test = email me + doctors note  Student Registration and access!!!! UNIT 2B: Destructive lifestyles & screening for non- Mr. Loyiso Maqina communicable diseases Learning outcomes! Identify destructive lifestyles and their implications to a lack of wellness. Discuss the lifestyle modifications that individuals should focus on. List the popular screening processes for non-communicable disease Identify the possible screening components that forms part of a wellness day Identify and discuss the pointers to address when analyzing wellness day results  Destructive Lifestyles involve:  Smoking & Alcohol abuse  Anger and Hostility or Abuse  Drug abuse  Social isolation  Inactivity  Boredom  Stress - prolonged  Unsafe sex  Poor diet – Fast foods (Obesity)  Not wearing a seatbelt or using cell  Eating disorders – bulimia / anorexia nervosa phone while driving  Sleep deprivation  Sunburn  Too much screen time (TV)  Working too hard & Relaxing too little  Sitting for too long  Not following directions for medicine  Gambling use  Caffeine  Poor personal hygiene  Risky behaviours – train surfing  Self-harm or Violent behaviour  Especially for people in recovery, making healthy choices and curbing self-destructive behaviors are critical for long-term success. Breaking bad habits is challenging, but these tips can help you stop unhealthy behaviors before they lead to a lapse or relapse. Ways to stop 1. Break the cycle of shame. destructive Shame is a negative feeling directed at yourself, such as saying, “I’m a bad person” instead of “I did a bad thing.” Shame often drives self-destructive behaviors to ease that pain. lifestyle Engaging in those behaviors perpetuates the shame and leads to more self-destructive behaviors. This can be a difficult cycle to behaviours break. Start by replacing little harmful behaviors with those that are healthy and which foster pride, the antithesis of shame. For example, instead of telling a white lie, tell the truth. Take responsibility for your little messes and make positive lifestyle choices that promote good physical and mental health. Improving your self-image will help you let go of the shame, and you’ll be less likely to want to engage in the behaviors that bring it back.  2. Don’t believe the negative self-talk. It’s not easy to break a self-destructive habit, and Ways to stop negative self-talk only makes it harder. Telling yourself that you’re weak or stupid is not destructive only destructive, but it’s also not true. lifestyle Identifying and changing harmful ways of thinking can go a long way toward curbing self-destructive behaviours ways of behaving. Next time you have a negative thought about yourself, stop, think and re-phrase it in a more positive way. For example, instead of saying, “I’m weak,” say, “I feel weak right now, but I know I can do this.”  3. Get support. The power of support from friends, family and peers Ways to stop can’t be underestimated. destructive If you’re trying to break a bad habit, encouragement and input from others is invaluable. lifestyle Tell a supportive friend, family member, or support group member what behaviors you’re trying to behaviours change. Ask them for encouragement and help with holding yourself accountable. Supportive friends and loved ones can empower you, cheer you on, and offer wisdom when you’re having a hard time.  4. Use failure to learn. You probably won’t be able to change all of your self- destructive behaviors overnight, but you can use your failures Ways to stop to learn better ways of curbing them next time. Think about what made you choose to engage in a self- destructive destructive behavior against your better judgment, then think about ways to circumnavigate that roadblock next lifestyle time. The attitude with which you meet a failure helps to behaviours determine the ultimate outcome. For example, if you use drugs or alcohol once you’re in recovery and you beat yourself up about it and engage in negative self-talk, you’re more likely to experience a full- blown relapse than if you assess the situation, learn what you can from it to help you better cope next time, forgive yourself and move on.  5. Prepare ahead of time. Becoming aware of what triggers unhealthy habits can help you forestall engaging in them. Ways to stop For instance, if you’re trying to quit smoking, plan ahead for situations that make you want to smoke and work out a destructive strategy to cope with the discomfort. lifestyle Once you’re in the tricky situation, stay mindful of your thoughts, feelings and attitudes and try out your coping strategy. behaviours If it fails, use your failure to learn what you might do differently next time.  Smoking cessation Limiting Alcohol abuse Stress reduction– prolonged or chronic Lifestyle Modification Maintaining a healthy diet s should Not engaging in disordered eating – bulimia / anorexia focus on: nervosa, binge eating Getting enough sleep and rest Reducing inactivity and sedentary behaviour  What goes into a cigarette ? Carbon monoxide Tar An odourless, colourless gas that is Nicotine ‘Tar’ is the term used to describe the released from burning tobacco. When Arsenic Nicotine is a colourless, poisonous toxic chemicals found in cigarettes. it is inhaled it enters the blood Arsenic-containing pesticides used in alkaloid derived from the tobacco It’s a sticky brown substance that stream and interferes with the tobacco farming occur in small plant. It is a powerful drug, which forms when tobacco cools and working of the heart and the blood quantities in cigarette smoke. Arsenic affects the brain and quickly condenses. It collects in the lungs vessels. Up to 15% of a smoker’s is commonly found in rat poison. becomes addictive. and can cause cancer. blood can be carrying carbon monoxide instead of oxygen. Ammonia Ammonia is a toxic, colourless gas Toluene Acetone with a sharp odour. Ammonia Toluene is a highly toxic chemical. Fragrant volatile liquid ketone, used Methylamine compounds are commonly used in Industrial uses include rubbers, oils, as a solvent. Nail polish remover is a Chemical found in tanning lotion. cleaning products and fertilisers. Also resins, adhesives, inks, detergents, solvent, for example. used to boost the impact of nicotine dyes and explosives. in manufactured cigarettes. Pesticides A number of pesticides (toxic chemicals used to kill pests, usually Polonium – 210 insects) are present in cigarette Radioactive element – used in Methanol smoke. These pesticides find their nuclear weapons as well as an Fuel used in the aviation industry. way into cigarettes because they’re atomic heat source. used on tobacco plants as they are growing. Harmful ingredien Carbon monoxide Smoking ts Nicotine (stimulant) Long-term consequences Free O2 radicals Lung cancer x 8 times higher & other cancers, e.g. mouth, bladder >70 different Carcinogens: e.g. Tar, & kidneys Arsenic, Ammonia & Benzene Hypertension Physiologic Carbon monoxide preferentially CAD x 2 al effects binds to Hb, therefore less O2 to cells Stroke Increased HR, PR (vasoconstriction), BP & RPP PAD Increased Total Chol, decreased HDL Emphysema Increases platelet adhesions & Shorter life expectancy by 7yrs thrombus formation Heart arrhythmias Smoking cessation – after one year Damage to arterial epithelium (atherosclerosis) CAD risk drops 50%  LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE Binge drinking and Intentional injuries continued alcohol Unintentional such as firearm Increased on-the-job Increased family use in large amounts injuries such as car injuries, sexual injuries and loss of problems, broken are associated with crash, falls, burns, assault, domestic productivity relationships many health drowning violence problems, including: High blood pressure, stroke, and other Alcohol poisoning Liver disease Nerve damage Sexual problems heart-related diseases Vitamin B1 deficiency, which can lead to a Gastritis Permanent damage disorder Ulcers (inflammation of Malnutrition to the brain characterized by stomach walls) amnesia, apathy and disorientation Cancer of the mouth and throat Screening for NCDs ?  Coronary artery disease (CAD) – Qs, BP, ECG Hypertension - BP Diabetes – glucose test Screening Dyslipidemia – cholesterol test HIV – blood test for NCDs Obesity & Overweight – BMI, waist to hip ratio Stroke - BP involve: Cancer – Qs, breast exam, pap smear, mammogram Arthritis – Qs Osteoporosis – Qs, densitometry Peripheral artery disease (PAD) – Qs, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - spirometry Glaucoma - tonometry Screening Components of a Wellness Day A wellness day should involve ? : Medical history taking CAD risk questionnaire Blood testing – Glucose, cholesterol, HIV Cardiovascular vitals – BP and HR HIV/AIDS Counselling Fitness tests (strength, endurance, flexibility) Exercise prescription guidance Nutritional advice and guidelines (Dietician) Feedback station for an action plan   Averages / Means compared with normative data  Individual Px data compared with normative data Analysing the Results of a Wellness  Identifying high-risk patients Day  Identifying trends  Compiling a report on the results  Using the data to plan future interventions