Lecture 2a - Stages of Infant Development PDF

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REGISTER YOUR ATTENDANCE ONLINE! We are trialling a new online attendance capture solution. 3. Check in with the code Go to 610344 https://bournemouth.studygoal.jisc.ac.uk Log in with your BU username and password. The Checkin code is only active for one hour. Need support? Contact the IT Service Desk after this session. https://itservices.bournemouth.ac.uk  Stages of infant development Loading… Lecture 2a: Developmental and Clinical/Counselling Psychology Drs Tara Zaksaite & Michelle Heward CW: this lecture will contain a discussion of pregnancy and fetus development, including images.  Lecture overview 1. Prenatal development Physical Brain Sensory abilities Prenatal influences in later development 2. Neonatal development Newborn reflexes Physical development Motor skills Perceptual development Perceptual narrowing Face perception 4 Prenatal development Loading… Stages of prenatal development (Video) Source: Verywellmind 5  Prenatal development Physical - 3 main stages: Germinal (zygote) The first stage of embryonic development Embryonic (embryo) The second stage of embryonic development Fetal (fetus) The third stage of embryonic development Harris and Butterworth, 2002 6  the first blage embryonic development last Germinal stage - of , z weeks. (ygovel EmbryonicPlage - -weeks - 2 months end slage , Fetal stage - Z months - birth longest (aw) , Germinal stage 1) Fertilisation: zygote is created 2) Cell division 3) Cell migration & cell differentiation 4) Implantation 7 Thegerminal includes fertilisation where the zygote is made stage cell division then through that they migrate differentiate to specialise - to organs (bbstycyst stage). After that o implantation. Germinal stage The inner mass differentiates into 3 layers: Endoderm: inner organs Mesoderm: muscles and skeleton Ectoderm: nervous system, skin 8  The inner mass differentiates into 3 main layers : · The endoderm , the inner organs The mesoderm · , the muscles a skeleton · estoderm nervous system, skin , Embryonic stage After implantation Embryo Support system develops: Placenta: semi-permeable membrane (nutrients in; waste out). Umbilical cord: blood vessels between embryo & placenta Amniotic sac: contains clear fluid that minimizes jolting, temperature change, and gravity Structures: Week 4: facial feature formation & heart beating Week 5: arms & legs Neural tube 9 Embryonic lasts about s weeks a has the support system developing to ocred the embryo. The placenta umbilical cord o amnistic sae are develoved , Then structures form the facial features arms a. legs , Fetal stage Muscles and Central Nervous System From 9–12 weeks, the sex organs begin to differentiate At about 12 weeks (3 months) all body parts are present. Fetal movement: By the 4th month (16 weeks), fetal muscle movements will cause sensations of movement in the pregnant person By the 5th month (20 weeks), these movements have become kicks or hiccups 22 to 26 weeks = age of viability Respiratory system continues to develop right into 9th month 10 In the getal stage the muscles - (NS develop from 9-12 weeks body parts , sex organs differentiate , at 12 weeks all are present - There is petal movement , In month geral musclemovements occur a the in s"month these become kicks/hiccups respiratory system develops into the a ach mouth. Prenatal brain development on Loading… 11  Prenatal development Brain development Cell development Structural development Abilities (sensation & perception) Egri uk 12 Brain development of prenatal development Its very rapid with cell development structural abilities Neurogenesis isapid production of neurons (urke-11) Myelination eating neural membrane is & neurons , increasing speed Neronal migration is neurons o the brain bravelling o nervous system synaptogenesis increases synapses, potential connections Pruning is a refinement process. Structural development Around week 3 (22 days): clear divisions into fore, mid and hind brain Maturation from ‘tail’ to head as first synapses form in the spinal cord By week 24 (6 months) brainstem almost entirely developed (controlling basic organ function) and situated above spinal cord and below cerebral cortex Critical reflex behaviours appear: ‘breathing’, sucking and swallowing Cerebral cortex begins to function around the time of birth 14 week > has divisions into fore , mide hind brain The first to develop is by 6 months o is above the spiral and a below cerebral corre which controls function critical reflexive behaviour (sucking - breathing... , The cerebral conte begins to function leading to language development... Sensory abilities Touch – earliest sensory system to develop. By 8-9 wks head moves if touched around the lips, and by 14 wks all the body responds to touch except the back of the head Taste & smell – around 15 weeks fetus responds to flavors & smells Hearing – from 22-26 wks, first responses to sounds (startle reflex), then starts to orient, preferences for certain sounds Vision – last sensory system developed. By 26- 28 wks (7mo) responds to light 15 Touch is the earliest developed 18-av/ki) if touched or the lips - by 14 use all the body responds Taste a small is around is who , responding to glavours o smells. Hearing is 22-26wks , preferences to sounds like voices occur vision is 26-20 wks a is responding to light Prenatal Influences – nature versus nurture Nature are the processes controlled by our genes “One of the oldest debates Nurture is input from the environment and experience in psychology is about the relative contribution of Both genetic and environmental factors can affect development nature and nurture to human development, but contemporary research TERATOGEN – any environmental agent that harms the embryo or fetus. with humans and other animals makes it clear that Diseases these factors are so closely Drugs intertwined in shaping human growth and Toxic chemicals capacities that it is almost nonsensical to ask which is more important”. Gillibrand et al., 2016 16 Nature - genes , nurture - environment. Both are almost always at play. Through the pregnant person there may be exposure to the felus from environment the medicine , chemicals ele... The environment of the Jerus can impact it like : · diet or habits Gillibrand et al 206 · sensory input like talkingto the getis a can stimulate growing systems & potential learning · stress increases cortisol /stress hormones will reach the ingant a an effect growth menues et al 2009 Maternal environment The external world can impact on the developing fetus through the maternal environment: Diet or habits Sensory input (e.g., Gillibrand et al., 2016) Maternal stress (e.g., Mennes et al., 2009) Bidirectional with genes 17 Neonatal development 18  Neonatal development Automatic responses: Stepping Rooting Blinking reflex Grasping Moro reflex 19 The newborns have automatic responses to particular shimulation like : · stepping · rooting curning head · Blinking when object comes close sasping · · Moro reflec , browing arms out in response to falling Newborn reflexes Newborn Reflexes – YouTube 20  (2:13) Neonatal development Brain development Synaptogenesis – rapid increase of connections Myelination happens rapidly after birth Synaptic pruning – elimination of synapses that are not needed Perceptual narrowing (during 1st year) – reduction of sensitivity to classes of stimuli not encountered in infant’s environment Johnson, M. H. (2001). Functional brain development in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(7), 475-483. 21  The brain develop with the same processes continues to Synaptogenesis spid increase at early development · , · ryclimation , rapidafter birth · Synaphi pruning , eliminates not needed a strengthens needed connections · perceptional nurrowing , reduction of sensitivity to back of things in environment. Influential factors in brain development Enriched environments can increase many aspects of brain development Tactile stimulation improved motor skills and spatial learning Parental contact modifies stress and emotional responses Lack of play increased abnormalities Perinatal stress – impaired learning, memory, attention and social behaviour 22  Neonatal development Physical development Very rapid: Newborns weigh between 5 and 10 pounds (average), which typically doubles in six months and triples in one year. Motor development occurs in an holding head , up orderly sequence: from reflexive- reactions to more advanced motor sitting, functioning walling 23 Motor skills GROSS MOTOR SKILLS Emerge directly from reflexes Physical abilities involving large muscle groups such as walking and jumping. Involve the movement of the entire body Rolling over, standing, walking climbing, running FINE MOTOR SKILLS Using small muscle groups – develops later drawing, writing, scissors, picking up a coin, buttoning or zipping a coat 24  Neonatal development Perceptual development Perceptual narrowing 25 Perceptual narrowing Before diving into explanations…let’s play a game 26 Look at this monkey face 27 Is the next monkey the same or different? 28 Same or different? Loading… 29 2. Neonatal development. Perceptual development Let’s try again with other stimuli 30 Look at this human face 31 Is the next person the same or different? 32 Same or different? better At Smarts we are atdefining monkeys faces but through praming refinement a it will learn to distinguish human faces ↑ perceptual narrowing 33 Perceptual narrowing During the first year of life there is a reduction of sensitivity Improve our ability to discriminate among stimuli that we encounter in our environment Decline in our ability to discriminate among stimuli that we do not encounter in our environment. Starts sometime between 6 and 12 months 34 Perceptual narrowing Another example: speech perception – Tuning In to Speech Sounds – YouTube (2:40) 35 36