Immune System Disorders Lecture 21F PDF

Immune System Disorders Immune response may be: – Hypersensitivities – Autoimmune diseases – Immunodeficiencies reaction to something that doesn't need to be reacted to ; immune system is being overy sensitive : : reacting : the or to response form a is self-antigen deficient In some way , shape Hyp...

Immune System Disorders Immune response may be: – Hypersensitivities – Autoimmune diseases – Immunodeficiencies reaction to something that doesn't need to be reacted to ; immune system is being overy sensitive : : reacting : the or to response form a is self-antigen deficient In some way , shape Hypersensitivity Type I (Acute) – Common allergies, IgE mediated – Basophils/mast cells release histamine, other inflammatory & vasoactive chemicals – Anaphylaxis Hypersensitivity Type II (Sub-acute) – IgG or IgM mediated – Cytotoxic response – antibodies bind to specific cells and stimulate phagocytosis and/or complement activation – Blood transfusion reactions Hypersensitivity Type III (Sub-acute) – IgG or IgM mediated – Immune complexes cause intense inflammation & tissue destruction inflammatory – Systemic lupus erythromatosus - The Immune complexes instead HISsues ↳ Immune complexes arthritis gets lodged membranes particularly The of inflammatory response in the synovial hands destroys another example is the and the joint getting cleared the Complex Cobisto drive > The immune and Stuck Rheumatoid of out of your body gets responseBut lodged in your it w/lUPVS es a Hypersensitivity Type IV (Delayed) – No antibodies involved – APCs activate TH cells which secrete cytokines that activate macrophages & cytotoxic T cells – inflammation and tissue damage – Poison ivy, cosmetic hapten allergies, TB skin tests Autoimmune Diseases Inability to distinguish self for non-self Over 80 AI diseases – Rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type I diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis Treatment varies depending on affected tissue(s) Occurs due to weakly self reactive lymphocytes – – – – Foreign antigens that resemble self antigens – rheumatic fever New self antigens Genetics Environmental Immunodeficiency Diseases Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) – Recessive alleles cause scarce or absent B & T cells – Must live in protective enclosures Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) David Vetter HIV/AIDS Viral infection of the immune system, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus which specifically targets the CD4+ T Helper Cells HIV/AIDS – Transmission & Symptoms Transmission occurs through the transfer of bodily fluids – Semen, pre-ejaculate, vaginal secretions, blood, breastmilk – 4 most common methods: un-safe sex, contaminated needles, breastfeeding & mother to child during delivery Early symptoms – In the first stages there are few if any symptoms – Within 1-2 months after infection, there may be a flu-like illness – After that, the symptoms will likely disappear for 12 years or more Late symptoms – – – – – – – – Rapid weight loss Fever Extreme fatigue Swelling of the lymph glands Diarrhea Sores of the mouth, anus & genitals Rare opportunistic infections Memory loss, dementia HIV/AIDS - Treatment Major drug advancements have been made since 1981 when a person diagnosed with AIDS would likely die within months or a few short years Currently the FDA has 31 approved antiretroviral drugs! These drugs DO NOT CURE people of HIV or AIDS The drugs suppress the virus allowing people to live longer and healthier lives People taking these drugs can still transmit the virus and must remain on the drugs for the remainder of their lives HIV/AIDS Prevention Abstain Use condoms Get tested regularly – Pregnancy Have your partner(s) get tested Limit your partners Do not share needles WEAR CONDOMS!