Lecture 2 - Transport as a System PDF

LECTURE 2 – TRANSPORTATION AS A SYSTEM Access to facilities for shelter, medical care, banks/commerce, Transportation systems are critical to...

LECTURE 2 – TRANSPORTATION AS A SYSTEM Access to facilities for shelter, medical care, banks/commerce, Transportation systems are critical to and food our daily lives. People use various systems of Egress/evacuation from a transportation on a daily basis to travel to and community immediately after a from work, school, visits to family and friends, hazard event, if needed attend business meetings, and medical emergency sites. Ingress of goods and supplies immediately after event to SOCIETAL NEEDS AND SYSTEM provide aid PERFORMANCE GOALS INTERDEPENCIES Transportation systems are a large part of the daily lives in the United States and are - Transportation systems play a critical role in supporting each other, as well as often taken for granted. While not all-natural hazard events can be forecasted, the critical services and other infrastructure transportation system is even more important systems. o Power Energy – A significant when a natural hazard event has advanced warning (i.e., hurricane) and after of a natural number of power plants rely on hazard event. When a hazard event is forecast, bulk shipments of coal or fuel via transportation systems permit: barge and freight rail for their operation. Parents to convey their children o Communication and home from school or daycare Information – As fiber networks Residents in evacuation zones to are expanded, many are routed travel to shelters or distant safe through leased conduits over communities bridges and through tunnels to State officials to close cross waterways or other transportation systems that pose geographic features. a danger to travelers during a o Buildings/Facilities – Large hazard event transportation terminals or stations, airline terminals, and Following a hazard event, the port cargo facilities cease to community has short-term (0-3 days), function when transportation intermediate (1-12 weeks), and long term (4- systems are shut down by a 36+ months) recovery needs. Currently, hazard event. communities think about recovery in terms of o Water/Wastewater – The emergency response and management goals. pipelines used by these systems For transportation these include: are considered part of the Access for emergency transportation system. responders (firefighters, paramedics, police) to reach people in need Access for those that restore critical infrastructure (energy, communications, water/wastewater)  - Specific interdependencies of they traverse significant transportations systems with the other geological features such as infrastructure systems addressed in this canyons, rivers, and bodies of framework include: water that interrupt the roadway o Power/Energy – The path transportation system depends o Road tunnels serve a similar on the power and energy grid. purpose to bridges in the road Gas stations need electricity for network. They connect links of vehicle owners to access fuel. the road network by passing o Communication – The under water, through mountains, communications system relies or under other roads/highways. on roads and bridges so repair In general, tunnels present more crews can get into areas with risk to life safety when failures failures of telephone and cable occur than other transportation lines, cell towers, and fiber optic systems, which have easily networks to repair services accessible methods of egress o Building/Facilities – Buildings Section 2: Rail are rendered useless if people cannot reach them. o Rail systems consist of mass Transportation systems allow transit systems, such as people to travel to critical subways, that operate within facilities, businesses, and to large high-density cities, regional other homes/facilities to check commuter rail systems, which on the safety of friends, family connect suburban communities and vulnerable populations to the city core, intercity o Water and Wastewater – Water passenger rail systems and wastewater lines are often o Subway systems move mass buried beneath roads (i.e., below amounts of people for work, grade). Consequently, access to school, entertainment events, or roads is needed to access points other leisure activities. Because of failure. subways are underground, flooding is especially TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE problematic. Section 1: Roads, Bridges, Highways, Section 3: Air and Road Tunnels o Air infrastructures provides the o Roads and highways are vital to fastest way for freight and people the nation’s transportation to travel long distances. Airports infrastructure. The large network are a key component of supply of roads and highways serves as chain for e-commerce activities. the primary transportation Internet purchases result in tons infrastructure used by most of overnight air cargo transferred people and businesses to trucks at airports and o Bridges are important delivered to communities. There components of the road/highway is a great interdependency and railway networks, because  between airports and roadway airports, the service level systems for timely delivery of remains insufficient due to a lack high priority and perishable of sustainable financing. goods. Airport closures cause re- o Interisland shipping faces safety routing to other airports with challenges, with an average of longer truck travel times, 160 maritime accidents annually. delaying goods. Causes include human error, natural disasters like typhoons Section 4: Ports, Harbors, and and bad weather, lack of vessel Waterways traffic management, insufficient o Ports, harbors, and waterways navigational aids, and poor ship are used largely for import/export maintenance. of goods and materials AIR TRANSPORT Section 5: Pipelines o The Philippines has 215 airports, o Pipelines deliver natural gas, with 84 government-owned and crude oil, refined products, such the rest privately operated. as gasoline and diesel, and Among government airports, 10 natural gas liquids, such as are international, 15 are Principal ethane and propane and other Class 1, 19 are Principal Class 2, fluids to different places in the and 40 are community airports. country. o Since 1992, the government has intensified efforts to liberalize air Transport is a key sector in the transport, focusing on Philippine economy, linking population and developing secondary economic centers across the islands. The international gateways. Bilateral transport system of the Philippines consists of "pocket open skies" agreements road, water, air, and rail transport. Water for these airports have led to transport plays an important role due to the significant increases in travel archipelagic nature of the country, but road through secondary international transport is by far the dominant subsector gateways. accounting for 98% of passenger traffic and 58% of cargo traffic. URBAN TRANSPORT While the transport infrastructure has o The Philippines is rapidly been developed and spread across the country urbanizing, with 77% of the (about 215,000 kilometers [km] of roads, 1,300 population expected to live in public and private ports, and 215 public and urban areas by 2030. Of the 120 private airports), the level of service has not cities, Metro Manila is the only been sufficient due to the lack of sustainable formal metropolitan area. Other financing. major cities, like Davao, Cebu, and Iloilo, lack formal WATER TRANSPORT metropolitan organizations. o Despite extensive transport Transport systems in these cities infrastructure, including 215,000 are almost entirely road-based, km of roads, 1,300 ports, and 215 except in Metro Manila. RAILWAYS o The Philippine railway system includes light rail transit (LRT) lines in Metro Manila and heavy rail lines in Luzon. The three LRT lines began operations in 1984, 1999, and 2003. Two lines are run by the government-owned Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), while the third was built by a private corporation (MRTC) and is operated by the government under a build-lease-transfer agreement. LRTA lines serve around 579,000 passengers daily, while the MRTC line carries over 400,000 passengers each day.