Transportation as a System & Philippine Transportation System PDF

Transportation as a System & Philippine Transportation System TRANSENG Transportation as a system Transportation systems are critical to our daily lives. People use various systems of transportation on a daily basis to travel to and from work, school, visits to family and fr...

Transportation as a System & Philippine Transportation System TRANSENG Transportation as a system Transportation systems are critical to our daily lives. People use various systems of transportation on a daily basis to travel to and from work, school, visits to family and friends, attend business meetings, and medical emergency sites. Societal Needs and System Performance Goals Transportation systems are a large part of the daily lives in the United States and are often taken for granted. While not all-natural hazard events can be forecasted, the transportation system is even more important when a natural hazard event has advanced warning (i.e., hurricane) and after of a natural hazard event. When a hazard event is forecast, transportation systems permit: 1. Parents to convey their children home from school or daycare 2. Residents in evacuation zones to travel to shelters or distant safe communities 3. State officials to close transportation systems that pose a danger to travelers during a hazard event Societal Needs and System Performance Goals Following a hazard event, the community has short-term (0-3 days), intermediate (1-12 weeks), and long term (4-36+ months) recovery needs. Currently, communities think about recovery in terms of emergency response and management goals. For transportation these include: Societal Needs and System Performance Goals 1. Access for emergency responders (firefighters, paramedics, police) to reach people in need 2. Access for those that restore critical infrastructure (energy, communications, water/wastewater) 3. Access to facilities for shelter, medical care, banks/commerce, and food 4. Egress/evacuation from a community immediately after a hazard event, if needed 5. Ingress of goods and supplies immediately after event to provide aid Interdependencies Transportation systems play a critical role in supporting each other, as well as critical services and other infrastructure systems. 1. Power Energy – A significant number of power plants rely on bulk shipments of coal or fuel via barge and freight rail for their operation. 2. Communication and Information – As fiber networks are expanded, many are routed through leased conduits over bridges and through tunnels to cross waterways or other geographic features. Interdependencies 3. Buildings/Facilities – Large transportation terminals or stations, airline terminals, and port cargo facilities cease to function when transportation systems are shut down by a hazard event. 4. Water/Wastewater – The pipelines used by these systems are considered part of the transportation system. Interdependencies Specific interdependencies of transportations systems with the other infrastructure systems addressed in this framework include: 1. Power/Energy – The transportation system depends on the power and energy grid. Gas stations need electricity for vehicle owners to access fuel. 2. Communication – The communications system relies on roads and bridges so repair crews can get into areas with failures of telephone and cable lines, cell towers, and fiber optic networks to repair services Interdependencies 3. Building/Facilities – Buildings are rendered useless if people cannot reach them. Transportation systems allow people to travel to critical facilities, businesses, and to other homes/facilities to check on the safety of friends, family and vulnerable populations 4. Water and Wastewater – Water and wastewater lines are often buried beneath roads (i.e., below grade). Consequently, access to roads is needed to access points of failure. Transportation Infrastructure Section 1 Roads, Bridges, Highways, and Road Tunnels Roads and highways are vital to the nation’s transportation infrastructure. The large network of roads and highways serves as the primary transportation infrastructure used by most people and businesses Bridges are important components of the road/highway and railway networks, because they traverse significant geological features such as canyons, rivers, and bodies of water that interrupt the roadway path Transportation Infrastructure Road tunnels serve a similar purpose to bridges in the road network. They connect links of the road network by passing under water, through mountains, or under other roads/highways. In general, tunnels present more risk to life safety when failures occur than other transportation systems, which have easily accessible methods of egress Transportation Infrastructure Section 2 Rail Rail systems consist of mass transit systems, such as subways, that operate within large high density cities, regional commuter rail systems, which connect suburban communities to the city core, intercity passenger rail systems Subway systems move mass amounts of people for work, school, entertainment events, or other leisure activities. Because subways are underground, flooding is especially problematic. Transportation Infrastructure Section 3 Air Air infrastructure provides the fastest way for freight and people to travel long distances. Airports are a key component of supply chain for e-commerce activities. Internet purchases result in tons of overnight air cargo transferred to trucks at airports and delivered to communities. There is a great interdependency between airports and roadway systems for timely delivery of high priority and perishable goods. Airport closures cause re-routing to other airports with longer truck travel times, delaying goods. Transportation Infrastructure Section 4 Ports, Harbors, and Waterways Ports, harbors, and waterways are used largely for import/export of goods and materials Section 5 Pipelines Pipelines deliver natural gas, crude oil, refined products, such as gasoline and diesel, and natural gas liquids, such as ethane and propane and other fluids to different places in the country. The Philippine Transport System Transport is a key sector in the Philippine economy, linking population and economic centers across the islands. The transport system of the Philippines consists of road, water, air, and rail transport. Water transport plays an important role due to the archipelagic nature of the country, but road transport is by far the dominant subsector accounting for 98% of passenger traffic and 58% of cargo traffic. The Philippine Transport System While the transport infrastructure has been developed and spread across the country (about 215,000 kilometers [km] of roads, 1,300 public and private ports, and 215 public and private airports), the level of service has not been sufficient due to the lack of sustainable financing. The Philippine Transport System Water transport Interisland water transport is a very important subsector of the national transport system. There are about 1,300 ports, of which about 1,000 are government-owned and the rest are privately owned and managed. Interisland shipping continues to suffer from a poor reputation for safety, with an average of 160 maritime accidents annually. The causes of maritime accidents include human error; natural causes, such as typhoons, bad weather, and rough seas; lack of vessel traffic management; lack of navigational aids; and poor ship maintenance. The Philippine Transport System Air transport There are 215 airports in the Philippines, of which 84 are government- owned and controlled and the rest are privately owned and operated. Of the government-controlled airports, 10 are designated as international airports, 15 are Principal Class 1 airports, 19 are Principal Class 2 airports, and 40 are community airports. The government has intensified efforts under way since 1992 to liberalize air transport. In particular, it has been promoting the development of secondary international gateways through negotiating bilateral “pocket open skies” agreements pertaining to secondary airports in the Philippines. These agreements now cover all secondary international gateways in the country and have led to substantial increases in travel through these airports. The Philippine Transport System Urban transport The Philippines is experiencing rapid urbanization, and by 2030, about 77% of the population will live in urban areas. There are 120 cities in the country, including 16 in Metro Manila, which is the only metropolitan area in the Philippines. Other major urban agglomerations exist, including in Davao, Cebu, and Iloilo, but they lack formal metropolitan organizations. Transport systems in these cities are almost entirely road based, with the exception of Metro Manila. The Philippine Transport System Railways The railway system consists of light rail transit (LRT) lines in Metro Manila and heavy rail lines in Luzon. The three LRT lines commenced operations in 1984, 1999, and 2003. Two lines are owned and operated by a government-owned corporation, the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), while the third was financed and constructed by a private corporation, the Metro Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC), and is operated by the government under a build–lease–transfer agreement. The lines operated by the LRTA carry about 579,000 passengers each day, while the MRTC line carries more than 400,000 passengers daily.