Lecture 2 Controls of Movement PDF

Lecture 10 Controls of Movement Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/qPix_X-9t7E?si=yZL0YdE3oPSsKdU6 Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/q8NtmDrb_qo?si=d5_FBGiVxiicuIHS Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/QY9NTVh-Awo?si=H1EjJ_f0qN8Jd8HC  Nervous System Functions...

Lecture 10 Controls of Movement Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/qPix_X-9t7E?si=yZL0YdE3oPSsKdU6 Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/q8NtmDrb_qo?si=d5_FBGiVxiicuIHS Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/QY9NTVh-Awo?si=H1EjJ_f0qN8Jd8HC  Nervous System Functions Neural activity involved in maintaining the body’s homeostasis Nervous system functions – Receiving and responding to stimuli from internal and external environments – Integrating body activities – Controlling voluntary body movement – Programming of spinal cord reflexes – Restoring experiences – Establishing patterns of response  Organization of Nervous System PNS – Nerves outside the CNS – Sensory Transmits neuron impulses from sensory organs to CNS The sensory fibers are called Afferent Fibers – Motor Conducts impulses away from the CNS The motor fiber are called Efferent Fibers Somatic motor – Innervates the skeletal system Autonomic motor – Innervates involuntary effector organs (cardiac muscle, glands)  F this is what we're interested in Sensory Information & Reflexes Proprioceptors (Kinesthesia) — Proving the brain with information about body position and limb movement rate — Include muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors — Located in joint capsules, ligaments, muscles, and skin. Sensory Information & Reflexes — Types of proprioceptors — Free nerve endings — Sensitive to touch and pressure — Golgi-type Receptor — Sensitive to touch and pressure — Pacinian Corpuscles — Detect the rate of joint rotation — Sensitive to vibration and pressure Vestibular Apparatus & Equilibrium Vestibular apparatus — Organ located in the inner ear — Maintains equilibrium — Inside receptors are sensitive to change in head position or movement direction — Sending nerve impulses to the CNS regarding changes in position — To maintain balance Vestibular Apparatus & Equilibrium — Vestibular apparatus — Controls head and eye movement during physical activity to maintain balance and visual tracking of movement — So, it is sensitive to head position and sudden changes in the direction of body movement — Dysfunction in the vestibular apparatus would prevent accurate performance of tasks requiring head movement. Motor Control Function of the Brain — Three subdivisions — Brain stem — Cerebrum — Cerebellum (balance) — Regulating the performance of skills  Motor Control Function of the Brain Brain Stem – Reticular formation Complex neurons scattered throughout the brain stem. Controls muscular activity through receiving and integrating information from the CNS. – Neuronal circuit in the brainstem Control eye movement, control muscle tone, equilibrium, support body against gravity, and special reflexes. Most important controls of locomotion of maintaining postural tone – Any damage to the brain stem impairs movement control. Motor Control Function of the Brain Cerebrum — Cerebral Cortex is outmost layer — Organization of complex movement — Storage of learned experiences — Reception of sensory information — Motor Cortex located in the cerebral cortex — Responsible for voluntary movement (motor control) — Coordinated movement through input from subcortical structures such as cerebellum Control of Motor Functions 1. Conscious (which involves subcortical and cortical areas) sends signals to the associated cortex area. 2. Cortex forms a rough (approximate) picture of planned movement from stored movements 3. Information is then sent to the cerebellum and basal ganglia to convert the approximate picture into precise movement Control of Motor Functions It's the conductor , responsible for harmony > - 4. Cerebellum is concerned with making fast movements; basal ganglia is concerned with making slow or deliberate movements 5. From the cerebellum and basal ganglia, information regarding the movement is sent through the thalamus to the motor cortex 6. Motor cortex sends information to the spinal neuron for final refinement before sending it to the skeletal muscle for execution Skeletal System — Types of Tissues — Muscle tissue — Nerve tissue — Epithelial tissue — Connective tissue — Epimysium (outermost layer) — Perimysium (middle layer) — Endomysium (inner layer) Skeletal System Muscular Contraction — Sliding of actin filament over myosin filament. — Causes muscle to shorten. — Develops tension. Actin myerin dance Romes and Juliet Skeletal System Age-Related Changes — Loss of muscle mass increases as we age, starting at 25 — Regular exercise can improve muscular endurance and strength in the elderly — Decline in muscle size is also related to inactivity. Nervous System Functions https://youtu.be/neltTfQz2Eg?si=XQg-ow--6RdAl6Wt  Lecture 2 Human Movement Formation  all sensory info go this the thalamus Human Movement. going to the cerebrum except the offactory before small ,  Central Nervous System (CNS)  Controls movement through 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain Strem Human Movement  Cerebrum Function  Receive sensory information, process it, and produce a response.  Responsible for volitional movement.  Divided into left and right hemispheres, which control movement on the other side of the body (contra-lateral control). - Bi 5%99 S 15. Human Movement  CEREBELLUM Function  Regulates muscle tone and equilibrium  Muscle tone is the amount of tension (or resistance to movement) in muscles. Our muscle tone helps us to hold our bodies upright when we are sitting and standing. Changes in muscle tone are what enable us to move. Muscle tone also contributes to the control, speed, and amount of movement we can achieve.  Coordinates voluntary motor acts Gog , i  BRAINSTEM Function Bilateral  Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord contralateral  Includes thalamus (control messages) and hypothalamus (control emotions) Human Movement Lower Motor Neuron Lesion versus Upper Motor Lesion — Anatomical Concepts  Upper Vs. Lower Motor Neuron  Human Movement  Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome  Damage to the motor neurons originating in the motor cortex (in the brain) and spinal cord.  It could be damage to Cell body or its axon  Such as stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and cerebral palsy.  Results in paralysis with high muscle tone (spasticity).  More recently it is believed to use the term Neurons (Nerve Cells): Structure, Function & “-paresis” to describe affect of UMN lesion. Types (simplypsychology.org) Human Movement  Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome  Damage to lower motor neurons originating from the spinal cord (anterior horn).  Such as peripheral nerve injury.  Results in paralysis with low muscle tone (flaccidity). Human Movement  Movement requires 1. Bones 2. Joints 3. Muscles Human Movement  Bones  Provide structure, firmness, and calcium storage  206 Bones  Response to physiological and environmental changes  Such as weight, movement, and trauma Human Movement  JOINTS  Connect adjacent bones 1. Diarthrodial Joints  Freely movable joints held together by a joint capsule  Such as elbow, knee, hip, shoulder, finger, and toe  A base for the study of movement 2. Amphiarthrodial Joints  Adjacent bones connected by cartilage  Allows only slight movement  Such as between vertebral bodies Human Movement  Muscles  Three types of muscle tissue 1. Smooth 2. Cardiac 3. Skeletal  Interest in kinesiology and biomechanics Human Movement  Skeletal Muscle  Strength depends on the thickness of muscle fiber.  Genetics determines the number of muscle fibers.  Length of muscle fiber determines the distance a muscle shortens or lengthens.  Shorter muscle contract less distance (excursion). Human Movement  Muscle activity  Types of muscle contractions 1. Concentric Contraction  Cause muscle fiber to shorten 2. Eccentric Contraction  Cause muscle fiber to lengthen 3. Isometric Contraction  No change in muscle fibers’ length. Human Movement  Muscle Tones 1. Hypertonia  Unusual increase or overstimulation in muscle tone  Increase resistance to passive stretching  Sever spasticity: resistance in the first third of a ROM  Moderate spasticity: resistance in the second third of a ROM  Mild Spasticity: Resistance in the last third of a ROM Human Movement  Muscle Tones 2. Hypotonia  Low muscle tone  Muscle feels soft  Mostly in posture 3. Normal tone  Appropriate increase in muscle tone to perform a movement. Human Movement  Pathology Affecting Movement  Damage to cerebellum  Affect muscle tone and coordination  Damage to the spinal cord  Affect muscle use and sensation below the level of lesion  Damage to peripheral nerve  Affect individual muscle(s) and area(s) of sensation  Metabolic problems, trauma, and disease Human Movement  Pathology Affecting Movement  Osteoporosis  Damage to joints  Rheumatoid arthritis  Repetitive use leading to injury Human Movement  Planes of motion  Anatomical position  Upright with face, feet, and palms facing forward Human Movement  Anatomical Planes 1. Sagittal plane  Divides the body into right and left halves  Flexion and extension movements 2. Frontal plane  Divides the body into front and back halves  Abduction and adduction movements 3. Horizontal plane  Divides the body into upper and lower halves  Rotation movement