Introduction to Psychology Lecture Notes (PDF)

Lecture 1 Introduction to Psychology (PT13103) Monday (2.00-4.00 PM) Lecture Hall 10 (DKP 10) PT13101 Introduction to Psychology Dr. Getrude Cosmas Faculty of Psychology and Social Work, UMS  SYNOPSIS This course provides a foundational un...

Lecture 1 Introduction to Psychology (PT13103) Monday (2.00-4.00 PM) Lecture Hall 10 (DKP 10) PT13101 Introduction to Psychology Dr. Getrude Cosmas Faculty of Psychology and Social Work, UMS  SYNOPSIS This course provides a foundational understanding of psychology. Key topics include: an introduction to psychology and its perspectives, research methods, the biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, memory, learning theories, cognition and language, personality, developmental psychology, stress and health, motivation and emotion, psychological disorders, and core concepts in social psychology. OBJECTIVES To provide a foundational understanding of the field of psychology. To impart knowledge on the history of psychology, its main goals, key psychological theories, neuroscience, the biological foundations of behavior, and research methods in psychology. To enhance students' comprehension of psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Learning outcomes: Week 1 – Introduction to psychology? – history, goals, research methods and research ethics. (07 October 2024) Week 2 – Biological bases of behavior – Neuron structure and functions, neuronal communication and central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. (14 October 2024) Week 3 – Sensation and perception – sensory and perception processes. (21 October 2024) Week 4 – Consciousness – level of consciousness, sleep, sleep disorders and theories of dream (28 October 2024) Week 5 – Learning – classical conditioning, cognitive & observational learning (04 Nov 2024) Week 6 – Memory – Types of memory (Traditional view of memory) (11 Nov 2024) Week 7 – Cognition (thinking, intelligence) and language – artificial intelligence, types of thinking, theory of intelligences, language and thought (18 Nov 2024) Week 8– Motivation and emotion - theories of motivation and emotion Week 9 – Developmental psychology - prenatal development, physical, cognitive and motor development and theory of Kubler-Ross (death and dying theory) Week 10 – Personality - psychoanalytic theory, social perspective, and humanistic theory Week 11 – Stress and health – sources and types of stress, and coping skills Week 12 – Psychological disorders -main types of disorder (anxiety, somatoform, mood, schizophrenia and personality disorders). Week 13 – Psychological therapies – Drug therapy, psychotherapy, behavior, psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavior, cognitive therapies Week 14 – Social Psychology – attribution, intimate relationship, aggression, prosocial personality, attitude and behavior.  References Ciccarelli S. K., & White J. N.(2021).Psychology (6th Ed.). Pearson Ciccarelli S. K., & White J. N.(2016).Psychology (5th Ed.). Pearson Comer, R., & Gould, E. (2013).Psychology (2nd Ed.). John Wiley and Sons Coon, D., & Mitterer, J.O. (2010).Introduction to Psychology (12th ed.). Cengage. Feist, G.J., & Rosenberg, E.L.(2010).Psychology: Making Connections.McGraw- Hill. Feldman, R.S.(2009).Understanding Psychology (9th ed.).McGraw-Hill. Asmawati Desa, Getrude Cosmas, Asbah Razali, Azlina Mohd Khir, Mariny Abdul Ghani, Siti Aishah Binti Panatik @ Abdul Rahman,Daniella Mokhtar, Siti Nazilah Mat Ali, Siti Hajar Mohamad Yusuf, Farah Nadiah Mohd Fauzi, Atini Binti Alias & Siti Haziqah Binti Shahban (2023).Psikologi,SJ Learning Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., & Vernoy, J. (2009).Psychology in action (7th ed.).Wiley. King A. L.(2013).The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View (2nd Ed.). McGraw Hill Company Morris, V.G. & Maisto. A.A.(2008).Understanding Psychology (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Wade, C., & Tavris, C.(2008).Psychology (9th ed.). Pearson. Buku Psikologi http://www.sjlearning.com.my/titles/item/Psikologi-Dr- Asmawati-Desa-Dr-Getrude-Cosmas-dan-et-al-2024 Asmawati Desa et al. (2024) – (RM Asmawati Desa, Getrude Cosmas, Asbah Razali, Azlina Mohd Khir, Mariny Abdul Ghani, Siti Aishah Binti Panatik @ Abdul Rahman,Daniella Mokhtar, Siti Nazilah Mat Ali, Siti Hajar Mohamad Yusuf, Farah Nadiah Mohd Fauzi, Atini Binti Alias & Siti Haziqah Binti Shahban (2023).Psikologi.SJ Learning (RM64.00) Psychology book (E-book) RM88.00 https://e.zenithway.net/product/psychology-6ed-by-ciccarelli-ebook/ Further info contact Nicholas (016-8265747) or can go to the bookshop Zenithway bookshop Lot E3 Cyber square Lorong Cyber Square 2, Jalan Lintas Kepayan  Course title: Introduction to Psychology Course code: PT13103 Assessment: Group assignment 1 – 20 % Group assignment 2 - Poster (A4 – softcopy) - 10% - Presentation - 10 % Midterm examination (MCQ 40) Cover (Lecture 1-7) - 20 % Final examination - 40 % Total score - 100  Week 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY  Defining Psychology. Psychology’s goals. Psychology in Historical Perspective. Contemporary Approaches to Psychology. What Psychologists Do? Research Methods in Psychology. Minconception about Psychology..... ✓ Psychology is easy. ✓ Psychology is just common sense. ✓ Can read people's mind. ✓ Psychology in Malaysia has no future. ✓ Cannot make money in this field. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Three Key Components (SBM) Science – systematic methods. Behavior – what can be directly observed (overt actions). Mental processes – thoughts, feelings, motives (covert). Critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity and curiosity… Pseudopsychology Pseudopsychology - systems of explaining human behavior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence (do not follow the guidelines of the scientific method). Phrenology – reading bumps on the skull. Palmistry (Chiromancy)- reading palms (by looking at the lines on palm of their hand) Graphology – analysis of personality through handwriting. Pseudopsychology vs. psychology Psychology’s goals: Describe, Explain, Predict and Change 1. To describe a particular behavior by making careful observation (What does occurr?). E.g. Do inner strengths (e.g. resilience and religious faith) can lift university students’ spirit during the pandemic particularly during the first phase of MCO? Describe - four keywords; resilience, faith, pandemic and MCO? 2. Explanation – (Why is this happen ?) Why focus on resilience and religious faith? Emphasis on the effect of resilience on students’ happiness and the effect of religious faith on resilience. 3. Prediction – answering “whats and whys” – Researchers predicted that university students‟ resiliency will contribute to the variance of happiness, while religious faith will contribute to the variance of resiliency. 4. Change – Applying psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted outcomes. The findings may give self-reflections to students and relevant authorities on the importance of resiliency and religious faith in coping with the coronavirus hardships. Psychology’s Check this linkgoals: Describe, Explain, Predict and Change : https://doi.org/10.18662/po/11.2/155 1. To describe a particular behavior by making careful observation (What does occurred?). E.g. People prefer to be balance in their relationship in giving and receiving. What does it means? 1. Explanation – (Why this it happen ? Why people emphasis on the importance of reciprocity in their relationship? 3. Prediction – answering “whats and whys” – we predict that people will show less in relationship satisfaction when they are inequitable in relationship. 4. Change – applying psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted outcomes. People maintain their relationship by keeping balance in their relationship. Psychology‟s goals: Describe, Explain, Predict and Change DEPC 1. Describe -What is gratitude ? Gratitude is being aware of and thankful for the good things happen in your life. 2. Explanation– The effects of gratitude? Past studies (e.g. Witvliet, Richie, Luna & Tongeren, 2018; Meherunissa, 2016) revealed that gratitude can bolster present happiness and life satisfaction. 3.Prediction – Gratitude may enhance one's happiness and hopefulness. 4.Change/Control – Train people to be grateful even a small thing.  Psychology in Historical Perspective Field Pioneer Research focus Experimental Wilhelm Wundt (Father of Study about the Psychology Psychology) – established the workings of brain (1870-1880) first psychology lab at University (Objective of Liepzig, Jerman (1879) Introspection – - Published a book – The looking inside) principles of physiological of psychology Structuralism Edward Titchener (1867 – 1927) Identifying the (1890) How brought the idea’s of Wundt to structures of the are the US, Discovered the basic human mind (e.g. elementary elements, or structures, of mental mind consists of contents, the processes memories. structure of the - Margaret Washburn – the first Introduce – empathy human mind ? female received a Ph.d in (einfuhlung – feeling into) 1909 Psychology – Titchener’s student. Field Pioneer Research area Functionalism William James (a Focus on how individuals (1890) physiologist - use their perceptual What and why published a book abilities to adapt and people do it ? “Principles of function in their Psychology”. environment. Human interactions with - Mary Whitton outside world. Mary – the first Calkins- completed How people work, play and female course and adapt to their president of the requirement for surroundings? American earning Ph.D but was Psychological denied by Harvard Influenced the modern Society in fields of: University because of Educational psychology 1905. she was a woman Industrial/organizational psychology Contemporary approaches to psychology Field Pioneer Research focus Biological Johannes Study of the structure, function, approach Muller, Roger development, genetics, Neuroscience Sperry, James biochemistry of the nervous Olds system (understand more about the brain). Behavioral Pavlov, Scientific study of observable approach Thorndike, behavior (reward/punishment can John B. affect behaviour (less focuses on Watson, thoughts/feelings). Emphasizes Skinner unconscious thought and early Psychodynamic childhood family experiences. approach – Neo- Less emphasis on sexual drives Freudian(1895 – Freud,Jung, Adler dan and more on cultural and social present) Karen Horney experiences as determinants of behavior.  Contemporary approaches to psychology Field Pioneer Research focus Humanistic Maslow, Rogers Emphasizes on person’s positive approach qualities (positive growth and freedom to choose one’s destiny). Cognitive Piaget, Sternberg, approach Howard Gardner, Emphasizes on the mental Bandura processes (attention, remember, think and solve problems). Focus on the evolutionary ideas: Evolutionary Charles Darwin, adaptation, reproduction, and approach Konrad Lorenz, natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human Sociocultural John Berry, Patricia behaviors. approach Greenfield & Focus on social and cultural Brislin factors. The development of contemporary psychology in Asia The development of psychology in Asia started in 1900s. The research and study of psychology in Asian countries has been primarily an implant of the ideas and theories of Western Psychology. Taking little account of the traditional wisdom and knowledge in Asian history and culture. China Chinese Psychological lab was built in 1917 and the Chinese University textbook was written by Chen in 1918. The development of psychology in China became dormant from the 1930s onward. However after the end of Cultural revolution in 1976 (open-door policy), it marked a new era in the development of psychology in China. The development of contemporary psychology in Asia Japan Contemporary psychology was first introduced in Japan during the Meiji restoration. The first psychology course was taught at the Tokyo Kaisei School. Amane Nishi first translated the western psychologybook texts into Japanese (Shinringaku) 'the science of mind'. The first Japanese Psychological Association was founded by Matsumoto. India Psychology was brought during the British Colonial (1857- 1947). Psychology gradually gained recognition as a scientific study in India in 1920s. The development of contemporary psychology in Malaysia Among asian countries, Malaysia is the fifth country to start formal psychology after Bangladesh, India, China and Taiwan. It started with the establishment of psychology departments in the local universities such as UKM, UPM and UM. School of Psychology and human development (UKM) has a long standing tradition as one of the leading psychology expertise in Malaysia. At the beginning of its existence in the 1970s, psychology was under the Department of Anthropology and sociology, Faculty of Arts, National University of Malaysia. In 1974, Psychology program produced its first batch students in psychology. Specialties in psychology Biopsychology Relationship between biology and mental processes. /neuroscience Clinical Specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment Psychology of mental and behavioral disorders. Cognitive Examines ‘higher’ mental processes (thought, psychology memory, intelligence, creativity and language). Social Investigate the role of social forces and interpersonal psychology behavior including aggression, prejudice, love, helping, conformity and attitudes. Counseling Overlaps with clinical psychology but generally psychology works with adjustment problems that are less severe, including marital, behavioral or academic. Developmental Studies the course of human growth and psychology development. Educational Psychological development of children in the psychology school environment. Experimental Examines processes such as learning, psychology conditioning, motivation, emotion in humans and other animals. Gender and/or How males and females and different cultures cultural psychology differ from one another and how they are similar. Industrial and Applies the principle of psychology to the organizational workplace. psychology Psychology and the Scientific Method Scientific method - system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. Steps in the Scientific Method: 1. Perceive the question. 2. Form a hypothesis – tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations. (Hypothesis – A statement of predicted relationship between 2 or more variables). If _____[IV] _____, then _____[this]_____ will Happen (DV). 3. Test the hypothesis. 4. Draw conclusions. 5. Report your results so that others can try to replicate.  Research Methods in Psychology Dependent variables (DV)– he variable that is measured to see how it is changed by manipulations in the independent variable. Independent variables (IV) – The variable that is manipulated to test Its effects on the other, dependent variables. Children who frequently talk with their parents (IV) will be more attached to their parents (DV). Students with high IQ scores (IV) usually earn higher CGPA in university (DV) but lower in soft skills (DV). Students with high IQ scores (IV) usually have lower score in EQ (DV). The more you eat (IV), the more you gain weight (DV). Hypothesis – A statement of predicted relationship between two or more variables. Research methods in psychology 1. Naturalistic observation/ Observations of real-life situations Also known as field study, involves going into the community to observe and record the behavior of people engaged in natural settings rather than in the lab. Two types – Intervention and without intervention. Observer effect/Hawthorne effect- tendency of people behave differently from normal. Observer bias/tendency of observers to see what what they expect to see. 2. Case studies Psychologist conduct an intensive investigation of a person or group in order to draw general conclusions about behavior. E.g. Jean Piaget developed a comprehensive theory of cognitive by carefully studying each of his three children as they grew and changed during childhood.  Survey Method Surveys – researchers will ask a series of questions about the topic under study. Given to a representative sample - randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects. Population - the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested. Advantages: Data from large numbers of people. Study covert behaviors (emotion, personality). Disadvantages: Have to ensure representative sample (or results not meaningful). People are not always accurate (courtesy bias). E.g., Have there been occasions when you took advantage of someone? Have you ever cheated in a relationship? Random Sampling from Population INFERENCE POPULATION SAMPLE Menu Correlational design Correlation coefficient ranges from –1.00 to +1.00. Closer to 1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the relationship between the variables. No correlation = 0.0. Perfect correlation = -1.00 OR +1.00. Positive correlation – variables are related in the same direction. – As one increases, the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases. ↑ and ↑ … or … ↓ and ↓ Students who ask questions frequently, tend to have higher score in PT10103. Negative correlation – variables are related in opposite direction. As one increases, the other decreases. ↑ and ↓ … or … ↑ and ↓ - Students who always skip classes, tend to have lower grade in PT 10103 5. Experimental research Experimental methods let researchers investigate cause-effect relationships by controlling or carefully manipulating particular variables to note their effects on other variables. Experimental group – the group subjected to a change in the independent variable. Control group – the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable. Experimental Group Test for Differences Control Group Sample Experimental research The effectiveness of Traffic Psychology Program (TPM) –to increase awareness on road-safety. Group 1 (experimental) ----joined the TPM(manipulated) Group 2 (control) ------no TPM (no manipulation) If Group A achieving higher in road safety awareness than group B, is it because of the TPM? Ethics in Psychological Research Ethics committees - groups of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study. (e.g., Study 1 - Psychological well-being and nature exposure (Approval code:JKEtika1/21 (38) Medical Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UMS; Study 2 – Nurses preparedness, readiness, and anxiety in managing COVID-19 Pandemic - Medical Research and Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health Malaysia (Approval Code: NMRR- 20-1494-55626 (IIR) and The Medical Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Approval Code: JKEtika 3/20 (13)) Common ethical guidelines 1.Informed Consent – Participants are told what kinds of tasks they may be expected to perform and what kinds of situations they may expect to encounter, with specific qualifications for the use of deception. 2. Debriefed - Investigator must debrief participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of results. 3. Confidentiality –Data must remain confidential. 4. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. 5. Research with human/nonhuman animals – Ensure the subject/animals are protected from harm or discomfort. Conclusions Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It explores how individuals think, feel, and behave in various contexts. Psychology equips us with the tools to better understand ourselves and others, applying this knowledge in everyday life and various professional fields.