Lecture 1-The Science Framework in K to 12 PDF

**Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Chemistry and Biology)** **Lesson 1 The Science Framework in K to 12** **The Science Framework in the K to 12** Science as whole, as provided by the national framework of the DepEd responds to the 21^st^ Century Literacy which is the Science and Techno...

**Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Chemistry and Biology)** **Lesson 1 The Science Framework in K to 12** **The Science Framework in the K to 12** Science as whole, as provided by the national framework of the DepEd responds to the 21^st^ Century Literacy which is the Science and Technological Literacy. Science and Technology Literacy or STL includes the ability to apply scientific and technological concepts, use the process skills and embrace science attitudes and values in life. It involves three important components. 1. **Understanding and Applying Scientific Knowledge**. Science literacy starts with the acquisition of knowledge (ideas, concepts, generalizations, theories). However, such knowledge should be understood and applied. Thus, in teaching, teachers should remember that although memorization of facts is important, however, these facts, knowledge, generalization, and theories should be understood and used in the daily lives. 2. **Performing Scientific Inquiry Skills**. Scientific Inquiry Skills can be seen as asset of skills to be learned by the students to include the science processes, performance of the scientific investigations and the cognitive outcomes the students will achieve. What students will be able to do is the performance of inquiry and based on what the students know about inquiry. In short, scientific inquiry is a systematic approach used by scientist in order to answer mind blogging questions. 3. **Developing and Demonstrating Scientific Attitude and Values.** Scientific Attitudes is a way of viewing things, a curiosity to know how and why things happen with an open mind on govern facts. It is a way of thinking, feeling, acting and a disposition towards science. 1. A scientist must be curious about the world. (Curiosity) 2. A scientist admits failures and recognizes that there are better ideas. (Humility) 3. A scientist listens and respects ideas of others. (Open-mindedness) 4. A scientist is intellectually honest. (Intellectual honesty) 5. A scientist works hard and persistent. (Perseverance) 6. A scientist does not jump to conclusions. (Skepticism) 7. A scientist is creative and critical thinker. (Creative and Innovative) 8. A scientist uses reason or logical thinking before giving answers. (Rational) 9. A scientist is willing to suspend judgment until he is sure of his results (Objectivity) 10. A scientist tries new approaches to arrive at solutions (Innovative) Based on these phases all science learners who aim to be scientifically and technologically literate should be: **Attributes needed in science** - **Critical and Creative Problem Solver.** Learners have developed skills that enable them to analyze and find solutions to any perplexing questions of problems. They have other ways of solving problems. - **Responsible steward of nature.** Learners demonstrate concern in keeping the environment safe for themselves and for everybody. They become citizens who take responsibility of their action in protecting and preserving the environment. - **Innovative and Inventive Thinker.** Science as a discipline will enable learners to create and innovate something simple for humanity. They will become scientists and inventors of the future. - **Informed decision maker.** As the science learners are growing up, they should be able to develop the ability to make informed decisions. Most especially if they become independent learners. - **Effective communicator**. Science literacy also develops the ability of the learners to convey correct messages to others, wether written or oral, from their fund of knowledge, results of inquiry, investigations and many more. There is a need for science learners to share their findings. As a future teacher, you should bear in mind, that you will be assisting or guiding your learners to acquire these scientific and technological skills. How are these skills developed? Based on the framework, the foundations of scientific and technological literacy are characterized by the following models, approaches and practices which are fully anchored on several learning theories: 1. **Multidisciplinary -- Interdisciplinary Approach** is the use of two or more subject areas in one lesson or activity. For example, Science and History can go together when the topic is about discoveries and inventions. 2. **Science -- technology Society (STS) Approach** is an interdisciplinary field that examines how science and technology shape societies, cultures and environments and how social, cultural and environmental factors that shape the development of science and technology. 3. **Problem/Issue Based Learning. Problem-based learning (PBL)** is a method of teaching which allows students to focus on how and what they will learn. An unfamiliar problem, situation or task is presented to the students and students are encouraged to determine for themselves how they will go about solving the problem. This usually occurs through small group work and allows students to utilize their prior knowledge in the topic area and identify the gaps in their knowledge as they attempt to solve the problem. PBL is a student-centered approach to learning that encourages students to be self-directed, interdependent and independent as they attempt to solve the set problem. 4. **Inquiry-based approach** is anchored on the idea of seeking for truth, information or knowledge. Memorizing facts and information is not as useful as asking questions that will lead to the understanding of such data and information. It is not looking for the right answer but seeking the appropriate solution. No one can learn everything, but everyone can learn the skills of an inquiring attitude. Skills and ability and habits of the mind to continue learning through inquiry-based approach teaching-learning. 5. **Constructivism** is a theory that explains about how people learn by constructing their own understanding and knowledge of the world through their prior experiences and reflecting on those experiences. When something new is learned, this has to be compared with the previous experiences, perhaps discarding the old if the new information is relevant. Thus in constructivism, there is a continuous asking of questions, exploration and assessment. In the teaching-learning it means encouraging to use active learning as experimenting and real world problem solving to create more knowledge. Discussing about what the students are doing themselves, will allow then to realize that their understanding may also be changing, thus constructing their own knowledge. 6. **Social Cognition Learning Model** has been introduced by Lev Vygotsky where he asserts that culture is the primary factor of individual development. First through culture, children acquire much of the content of their thinking which is their knowledge and second, the surrounding culture provides the learners the means or process of thinking. In short in social cognition learning model, culture teaches the learners both what to think and how to think. Thus, since children learn much through interactions, lessons should be designed to emphasize interaction between learners and learning task. Further appropriate adult help or scaffolding is needed for independent problem solvers. 7. **Learning Style Theory.** "*All learners are created equally but learn differently."* This is the premise of the learning style theory. That each individual has a preference in how they learn. Individual learning style depends on cognitive, emotional, environmental factors and one's previous knowledge. Individualized teaching and learning or differentiated instructions are likewise anchored on learning styles of learners. The most accepted understandings of the learning style fall into three categories: Visual, Auditory (Oral-Aural) and Tactile or Kinesthetic. - Visual learners prefer to use images, maps and graphic organizers to access and understand new information. - Auditory (Oral-Aural) learners best understand new concepts through speaking and listening. Mnemonic devices, use of repetition, music, discussion, lectures are some of the strategies learners prefer. - Kinesthetic (Tactile) learners prefer to touch, move or manipulate. They learn best through hands on-activities, practicum and other similar activities. **Activity 1. Analysis of Curriculum Framework** Do the following: 1. Evaluate the various components of scientific knowledge and relate them to different attributes needed in doing science. 2. Compare the different learning theories through a concept map. How are they similar? How are they different? How are they related to each other? **Activity 2. Teaching Plan** With your group, create a plan on how you will teach the assigned topic in science in relation to the learning theories: Topic (From Science Curriculum Guide) --------- ---------------------------------------------------------- Group 1 Changes that Matter Undergo Group 2 Human Sense Organ Group 3 Reproduction among Flowering Plants Group 4 Plants in their habitats Group 5 Separating mixtures Group 6 Beneficial And Harmful Interactions among Living Things. **Teaching Plan Matrix** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | Discuss your answer here. | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Topic | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. Grade Level | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. Lesson Objectives | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. What are the | | | Materials/Technology to be | | | used? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. What are the learning | | | activities to be used? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. What Learning Theories | | | Relevant to the achieve | | | objectives? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. How to assess learning? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. If you will re teach this | | | topic? What will you do | | | similarly? What will you do | | | differently? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+