Poultry Production Lecture PDF

POULTRY PRODUCTION  Poultry – domesticated fowl, such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, etc., raised for meat and eggs  Origin  Chicken – 2500 BC in Asia (Red Jungle Fowl)  Geese – 1500 BC in Egypt  Turkey – 200 BC in South Western United States  Mallard Duck – 2500 BC in Ch...

POULTRY PRODUCTION  Poultry – domesticated fowl, such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, etc., raised for meat and eggs  Origin  Chicken – 2500 BC in Asia (Red Jungle Fowl)  Geese – 1500 BC in Egypt  Turkey – 200 BC in South Western United States  Mallard Duck – 2500 BC in China  Muscovy Duck – 16th century AD in Peru  Quail – 11th century AD in Asia  Early domestication Religious and cultural Cock fighting  Primary purpose Chicken meat and eggs Inventory as of September 30, 2023 in the Philippines: Chicken = 202.82 million birds 43.00 % -Native or Improved (5% increase) 34.70% -Broilers (2% decrease) 22.30% -Layer (1% decrease) 2021 per capita consumption: Chicken meat = 14.05 kg Chicken egg = 5.06 kg (about 78 pcs of eggs) Top and Bottom Three Regions: Chicken Industry Situation 2023 Data from Philippine Statistics Authority As of September 2023  Top Three Regions by Type of Chicken Rank Broiler Layer Native/Improved Region III (Central Region IVA Region VI (Western 1 Luzon) (CALABARZON) Visayas) Region X (Northern Region III Region X (Northern 2 Mindanao) (Central Luzon) Mindanao) Region IVA Region VII Region VII (Central 3 (CALABARZON) (Central Visayas) Visayas) Problems of the chicken industry  High cost of feed ingredients (imported)  Inefficient management  Insufficient housing and facilities  Disease outbreaks  Marketing and processing of products  Capital  Climate Prospects of the chicken industry  Potential for exporting dressed chickens to other countries, like Japan.  However limited by the suspected occurrence of avian influenza just recently in Pampanga (Aug2017)  Improving economic status of the Philippines  Higher buying potential  Tendency to have higher consumption of animal products Factors affecting profits in animal production  Capital  House and equipment  Breeds  Feeds and feeding  Disease prevention  Prices of commodities and inputs  Marketing of products  Manure disposal BREEDS OF CHICKEN  Economic Classification of Chickens:  Layer  Egg type  Small body size (1.5 kg mature size)  Very active  Early sexual maturity (17-18 weeks old)  Nervous  Large clutch size (>12 eggs)  Non-broody Economic Classification of Chickens:  Broiler  Meat type  Big body size (4-6 kg mature size)  Move very slow  Late sexual maturity (>20 weeks old)  Lay less eggs (short clutch)  Tends to be broody Economic Classification of Chickens:  Dual purpose  Efficient in producing egg and meat  Moderate body size  Less active than layer type  Fancy type  Raised for fun and decoration  Attractive plumage Leghorn chicken Named after the Italian city of Leghorn/Livorno Most popular commercial breeds of chicken worldwide and while the majority are white, a number of varieties also exist Single combs (color varieties have rose combs) Excellent layers - 300 per year Mature quickly – 18 wks old Weight averages from 1.4-1.8kg For large-scale commercial egg production Australorp  Australian breed  Large, soft-feathered bird with glossy black feathers and a lustrous green sheen.  Hardy, docile and a good egg-layer as well as meat bird  Single comb  Lay 250 light-brown eggs per year  World’s record for egg production - 364 eggs in 365 days (Australian trapnest testing)  Developed from the English Orpington  Cocks weigh 4kg; hens 3kg  Skin is white beneath their feathers and the females lay brown colored eggs. Bantam Chicken Small or miniature fowl Refers most commonly to small breeds of chickens One-fifth to one-quarter the size of the standard breed True bantam - no standard-breed counterpart: Ex- Dutch bantam, the Belgian bantam, the Rosecomb and the Sebright Popular as pets or for show purposes Cornish Origin – Cornwall, England Meat type Broad, well muscled body Cocks – 4.75kg; hens 3.6kg Large thighs set wide apart Varieties: Dark, White, White Laced Red, Buff Egg Shell Color: Pale brown and medium brown New Hampshire chicken Origin - New Hampshire, USA Chestnut red (lighter than the Rhode Island Reds) Cocks 4kg; hens 3kg Yellow skin beneath feathers Lay brown eggs Dual purpose chicken Orpington Chicken Large bird from the English class of chickens Bold, upright breed with a wide chest, broad back and small head and tail Dual-purpose breed Weigh around 3 – 4.5kg Soft, profuse feathering (black, white, buff, blue), which almost hides the legs of the bird Lay between 110 and 160 eggs a year Plymouth Rock Origin - United States Dual-purpose Hardy - for the small farm or backyard Eggs are brown Cocks – 4kg and hens 3.5kg Rhode Island Red Chicken Origin – Rhode Island, USA Dual purpose Mahogany dark red/brown luster, bordering on black. Some have purple spots or green stripes. Red/orange eyes and yellow feet Tough birds, resistant to illness, good at foraging and free ranging, and are typically docile, quiet and friendly Excellent egg layers, producing up to 250 to 300 large, light brown eggs per year Cocks 4kg and hens slightly less Types of Comb Strains of broiler and layer BROILER STRAINS LAYER STRAINS Anak Anak Arbor acre-70 Arbor acre-26 Cobb-vantress Babcock Hubbard Dekalb Hybro Heisdorf and Nolson (H&N) Lohmann Hisex Peterson ISA Pilch Lohmann Ross Ross Starbro Starcross Strains are products of one person or one organization’s breeding program.  Native Chickens  Banaba of Batangas  Bolinao of Pangasinan  Boholano of Bohol  Darag of Panay  Paraoakan of Palawan  Zampen of Zamboanga Peninsula  Camarines of Bicol Free range chickens  Kabir (Israel)  Sasso (France) Breeding practices in poultry  1950’s – development of white egg layers using Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL)  1960’s – brown egg layers were developed from Rhode Island Red x SCWL  Meat type – developed from Cornish x Plymouth White Rock Systems of Breeding Inbreeding  Mating of closely related animals by descent  Common ancestors w/in 4-6 generations Types  Close breeding – siblings, parent to offspring  Line breeding – second degree (grandsiblings); halfsibs - descendants of outstanding ancestors  Ordinary inbreeding – mating of distantly related animals w/o regard to single favored ancestors Out breeding – mating of unrelated animals  Upgrading – Native X Exotic breed  Out crossing – mating of unrelated animals of the same breed  Cross breeding – mating of different breeds (takes advantage of Hybrid Vigor) Cross breeding results HETEROSIS HYBRID VIGOR – is a product of heterosis “wherein the performance of the crossbred progeny is better than the average of the purebred parents” Other Breeding Practices  Strain crossing – crossing two strains possessing similar productive traits  Line crossing – crossing of highly inbred lines Methods of Mating Pen mating – single male confined to mate with a group of females for the period of the breeding season Stud mating – one is to one mating confined in individual pen of cages Flock mating – two or more roosters go with prescribe number of hens in the pen Recommended male to female ratio: Types of breed Male to female ratio Light breed 1:11-12 Medium breed 1:10-11 Heavy breed 1:10 HOUSING AND ENVIRONMENT HOUSING AND ENVIRONMENT Location of the poultry house  Well-drained land, not subjected to flooding  Near a source of clean water  Availability of electricity  Availability of transportation  Far away from noisy places and other poultry farm (1-km)  Near to processing plant and market place Orientation of the poultry house  East-West direction to provide adequate protection against direct sunlight, strong wind and high temperature. TYPES OF HOUSING Open Sided Housing Long and narrow types of house, which are open on all sides, are preferred because they provide better ventilation and lighting These houses are open to the extent that at least one-half of the front and back of the house are open The front, rear and sometimes the end walls are of wire netting. Open-Side Housing Controlled Environment Inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the bird’s optimum requirement Air is removed from the house by exhaust fans and fresh air is brought in through intake openings Artificial light, rather than natural daylight, is used to illuminate the interior. Tunnel Ventilation System (Controlled Environment) Tunnel Ventilation System (Controlled Environment) Tunnel Ventilation System (Controlled Environment) TYPES OF FLOORING: A. Elevated Floor 1. Slatted – slats are made of bamboo, wood, rattan or plastic - slat size: 25-50 mm - distance between slats: 25 mm (Elevated Floor) 2. Slat-litter Floor - 2/3 slat and 1/3 litter - Generally for layers and breeder chickens TYPES OF FLOORING: B. Ground/Unelevated Floor 1. Litter type – uses rice hulls, straw, wood shavings, saw dusts. - thickness of litter must be 50-100 mm 2. Cage type - Wire or battery cages for layers Floor space requirement a. Space requirement for broiler under litter and slatted flooring Stages Floor space (birds per sq m) 4 weeks old and below 21-22 Above 4 weeks old 10-12 Remark: During summer or in hot areas, floor space allowance can increase up to 25%. b. Space requirement for layers under litter and slatted flooring Stages Floor space (birds per sq m) Brooding period (0-6 weeks) 14 Growing period (7-22 weeks) Litter floor 7 All slats floor 16 slat-litter floor 14 Laying period (beyond 22 weeks) Litter floor 6 All slats floor 11 slat-litter floor 7 c. Battery cages Types of cage Floor space (birds per sq m) Flat deck 10 Stair-step (Californian) 12 Compact 15-20 Pyramid 15-20 Tier 18-25 Flat deck battery cage Pyramid cage Compact cage Stair-step battery cage Tier battery cage Types of bird Feeder space (cm per bird) Trough Round Starter, 0-8 weeks 4 1.6 Grower, 9-20 weeks 8 3.2 Layer 10 4.0 Broiler 4 1.6 Broiler parent stock 15 6 Types of bird Drinker space (cm per bird) Trough Round Light type 2.5 1.25 Medium type 3.0 1.50 Heavy type 3.75 2.00 Trough feeder Round (tube) feeder  Galloner type waterer Automatic bell waterer Heater requirement Artificial heat is required for the first two weeks of chicks life. The recommended source of heat in large scale operation is the infra-red heater or gas brooder (1 heater per 750-1000 birds). Small scale operations use charcoal, bulb or rice hulls enclosed in galvanized iron sheet. Infra-red heater for artificial brooding of chicks Feeding Management  Feeding guide for broilers Types of feed Crude protein (CP, %) Age (days) Broiler starter 22-24 0-14 Broiler grower 20-21 15-28 Broiler finisher 19-21 29-harvest  Feeding guide for layers Types of feed Crude protein (CP, %) Age (weeks) Layer starter 20-21 0-4 Layer grower 16-18 4-11 Layer developer 14-16 11-17 Laying 18 17-laying period Poultry Management House preparation Dry cleaning 1. Dispose farm rejects immediately after each production to break disease cycle existing in the farm. 2. Remove and dispose residual feeds. 3. Remove accumulated dust on top of dividers and curtains. 4. Remove and secure chicken manure away from the farm (at least 1.5 km). 5. Control program against biological vectors (rats, flies, mosquitoes). (House preparation) Wet Cleaning 1. Spray the floor surface with water under low pressure to loosen up the adhering dirt and dried manure. 2. Scrape and brush the top of the flooring to remove the dirt and manure. 3. Rinse with water under high pressure ensuring that all are visibly clean. 4. Thoroughly clean all equipment with soap and water. (House preparation) Repair and maintenance Properly fix all equipment and repair house flooring, sidings and dividers after cleaning. (House preparation) Disinfection Disinfection is the reduction or elimination of pathogenic organisms in or on materials so that they no longer pose a hazard. Disinfection is performed two times (first and second) and in between there will be rest period. Brooding management Brooding period starts as soon as the day-old chicks are placed in the farm and ends up to 14 days for broilers (up to 5 weeks in layers) It is the process of providing the chicks with comfort and other essential requirements for optimum growth Good brooding management will improve flock uniformity, proper weight gain and results in a healthy flock. Requirement for a successful brooding  Good chick quality  Good supply of clean and dry litter  Correct curtain management  Consistent supply of artificial heat  Timely floor space adjustment  Correct feeding and watering management Brooding set-up  Brooder set-up depends on the management practices of the farm. Chick placement and acceptance  Pre-heating of the brooding area 30 minutes to 1 hour prior to chick arrival.  Check the brooder temperature (33OC) and in-house temperature (28OC).  Provide dextrose or electrolytes for the first 3 hours after arrival.  Conduct chick counting and weighing.  Provide good quality feeds. Chick quality standard  Chicks should be healthy, alert and cleanly hatched.  Chicks should be uniform in size and color.  There are no physical deformities such as crooked legs, splay legs, defective beak and head.  Chicks should be free from unhealed navel and navel infection.  The weight should be 40 grams or above. Chick rejection  Extremely weak and dehydrated.  Presence of physical defects.  Presence of navel infection.  The chicks weigh less than 40 grams. Litter management  A good quality litter will maintain dryness and cleanliness of the chicks to have a good start  Good litter will also aid in maintaining the desired growing temperature throughout the brooding period  The moisture content of the litter should be 20-25%  Absence of a moisture meter, practical guide in determining the moisture content are:  below 20% level, litter is too dry and dusting become a problem  above 25% level, litter becomes wet and caked appearance. Heating management During the first two weeks of chicks’ life they cannot regulate their own body temperature They should be provided with adequate artificial heat Proper brooding temperature allow the chicks to move, eat and drink freely. Recommended brooding temperature Age (days) Heater temperature (OC) In house temperature (OC) 1 32-33 28 2 31-32 27 3-7 30-31 27 8-14 28-30 27 Practical guides for correct brooding temperature  Too cold – the chicks will pile up under the heater.  Too hot – the chicks move away from the source of heat.  Drafty – the chicks pile up behind the heater.  Just right – the chicks are evenly distributed around the heater and move comfortable. Improper brooding management  Cold syndrome – caused by insufficient heating in the first week of age. This will result to poor growth, poor flock uniformity, high feed conversion ratio.  Heat syndrome – due to excessive heat at brooding period. This will cause immobilization of chicks, reduced feed consumption, intestinal problems and poor flock uniformity. Brooding space management An ideal floor space expansion must be followed to prevent heavy deposition of the fecal material in the brooding portion of the house which will increase infection pressure such as respiratory and digestive problems and possible cannibalism. Recommended brooder space allowance Age (days) Area occupied (%) 1 20 2-3 25 4-8 50 9-14 75 15-18 100 Rearing period for layers Rearing period starts as soon as the day-old chicks from the hatchery are placed in the rearing house and it ends when the young pullets are sold or transferred to the laying house. Also, it refers to the time upon purchase of the pullet and the moment the laying period is starting. Normally, the pullets are bought 3-4 weeks before they will start laying to give them time to overcome the transfer. Successful rearing period requires the following:  The pullets are well developed and healthy.  The age is 18-20 weeks old.  The feed consumption is normal.  The average body weight is 1.3-1.5 kg.  They have a flock uniformity of 80% ± 10% of the advised or actual body weight.  The depletion or mortality is about 3%.  They have proper light program of 14-16 hours day length.  They have proper medication and vaccination program.  They are properly debeaked. Birds like chicken exhibit photoperiodism. They tend to lay more eggs during summer when length of day is longer. Effect of light on chickens: - Pullets exposed to early extended light duration tend to have early point of lay. - Extended day length allows birds to have more feeding time influencing their body development. Required light intensity and duration for layers: - Brooding stage: 5 lux, 24 hrs gradually reduced to 10-9 hours until the 4th to 5th week of age.. - Rearing period: 5 lux, 9 hrs constant from 6 to 16 weeks old. - Laying period: 10-15 lux, start increase day length at 17 weeks old at 10 hrs per day. Increased weekly by 1 hr/wk until 14-16 hrs day length. Cannibalism An abnormal behavior in growing chicken manifested by continuous picking in the toes, wings and tail feathers resulting to serious wounds and may lead to death of other birds present in the flock. Possible causes of cannibalism  Imbalance rations  Overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space  Poor ventilation  Absence of feed and water  Excessive heat and too much light in the growing house Prevention and control of cannibalism  Give rations containing the right quality and quantity of protein recommended for the different ages of birds.  Provide birds with adequate floor, feed and drinking space.  Maintain the right temperature and proper ventilation.  There should be adequate and uniform light in the pen.  Debeaking or beak trimming Debeaking or beak trimming – performed within 10 days of age by cutting the upper beak with electric cutter and cauterized from one-third to one-half of its length starting form the tip. Point of Lay – age of the flock at first egg laid/dropped. Laying period – considered to have started at 5-10% egg production. This period marks the flock population known as the Hen Housed. Pullets during growing stage Layers in cages Common Poultry Diseases Viral diseases New castle disease (NCD)  Most important disease of poultry affecting all ages  Causative agent: Paramyxovirus  Transmission: direct and indirect contact, aerosol  Clinical signs: gasping, coughing, paralysis and torticollis, greenish diarrhea Infectious bursal disease (IBD)  Affects birds at 3-6 weeks old  Causative agent: Birnavirus  Transmission: direct and indirect contract  Clinical signs: depression, incoordination, vent picking, whitish diarrhea Bacterial Diseases Colibacillosis  Causative agent: Escherichia coli  Transmission: fecal and oral route, contaminated eggs  Clinical signs: early embryonic and chick mortality, pasty vent, emaciation and dehydration Swollen bile stained liver due to colibacillosis Chronic respiratory disease (CRD)  Causative agent: Mycoplasma gallisepticum  Transmission: vertical and horizontal transmission  Clinical signs: gasping, nasal discharges, decrease in egg production and poor growth Parasitic diseases Coccidiosis  Causative agent: Eimeria sp.  Transmission: ingestion of oocyst  Clinical signs: emaciation, rough plumage, pasty vent, bloody wet dropping Health Management Medication programs for broilers Source: SMFI, no date. UAP-CLSU Contract Broiler Production Project. Age Medicines/vaccines Route of administration (days) 0 Dextrose Drinking water 1-3 Antimicrobial drug Drinking water 4 NCD vacc B1B1 Intraocular/spray 5-7 Multivitamins Drinking water 8 Infectious bursal disease Drinking water 10-12 Vitamin E Drinking water 13 Infectious bursal disease Drinking water 14-18 Multivitamins Drinking water 21 NCD la sota Drinking water  Intraocular vaccination Wing web vaccine and tool Medication programs for layers Source: PCARRD, ____. The Philippines recommends for egg farming. Age (weeks) Medicines/vaccines Route of administration 0 Mareks Intracloacal 1 New Castle disease B1B1 Intraocular 3 New Castle disease la sota Drinking water 6 Fowl pox Wing web 10 New Castle Disease Drinking water 14 Anthelmintic drug Drinking water 15 Coccidiostat Drinking water 16 New Castle disease Drinking water 18 Acaricidal drug Bathing 28 New Castle disease Drinking water 38 New Castle disease Drinking water 48 New Castle disease Drinking water 58 New Castle disease Drinking water Calculation of different technical parameters Broiler performance 1. Average live weight, (kg) = Total weight of the birds (kg) Total number of the birds 2. % Mortality or depletion = Birds died or culled X 100 Birds started 3. % Harvest recovery = Number of birds harvested X 100 Birds started 4. Feed conversion ratio = Total feed consumed (kg) Kg feed per kg live weight Total weight of the birds (kg) 5. Total weight of the birds = (Birds started – birds ended) X ALW 6. Bags of Feed per 1000 birds = Total feed consumed (bags) X 1000 Total live birds Layer performance 1. Hen-housed = Flock population at 5-10% egg production 2. Hen Day = Flock population on particular day 3. Hen Week or Hen Month Flock population at the start of the week or month 4. Cumulative = Present + previous period 5. % Hen-day production = Total eggs collected in a day X 100 Number of live hens on the same day 6. % Hen-housed production = Total eggs collected X 100 Hen-housed 7. Feed Conversion Ratio= Total feed consumed (kg) Kg feed per dozen eggs produced Total eggs collected/12 8. Feed conversion ratio = Total feed consumed (kg) Kg of feeds per kg eggs produced Total eggs collected X average egg weight 9. Feed consumption/hen/day = Total feed offered Hen-housed x days Cost and return analysis Partial budget for 100-broiler chickens ITEM Php a. Housing and equipment 10,000.00 b. Cost of operation Chick cost @ P25 per bird 3,700.00 Feed cost, 3.2 kg per bird @ P17.20 per kg 6,720.00 Medicines, vaccines and supplement @ P1.65 per bird 175.00 Light, heat and water @ P1.10 per bird 110.00 Labor cost @ P2 per bird 200.00 Contingency( 5% of cost of operation) 545.25 Sub-total 11,450.25 Total 21,450.25 Cost and return in broiler production ITEM Php Sales of broilers, 96 birds, 1.75 kg per bird @ P95 per kg 15,960.00 Sales of sacks, 6 sacks @ P7 each 42.00 Sales of manure, 42 kg @ P1 per kg 40.00 Total income 16,042.00 b. Expenses Chick cost @ P37 per bird 3,700.00 Feed cost, 3.2 kg per bird @ P21 per kg 6,720.00 Medicines, vaccines and supplement @ P1.75 per bird 175.00 Light, heat and water @ P1.10 per bird 110.00 Labor cost @ P2 per bird 200.00 Repair and maintenance, 3% of building per year 300.00 Sub-total expenses 11,205.00 Depreciation cost 1,000.00 c. Net income 3,837.00 d. Return on Expenses (%) 34.24 % Egg Production Hen Day (%EPHD)– relative or percent egg production based on the actual number of layers on a particular day (or period). % Egg Production Hen Housed (%EPHH)– rate of egg production based on the number of layers at the start of the laying period. Eggs Per Hen Housed – cumulative number of eggs laid per hen housed. Formula: cum egg production/hen housed Clutch – the number of egg laid by a hen in consecutive days without break. Some birds can have less than a week while others can have a clutch 2 weeks or more. Persistency – the ability of a flock to sustain high egg production. Determines the possible number of eggs produced per hen housed. Persistent flocks tend to have more eggs per hen housed compared to less persistent flocks.  Persistency of EP 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 % Hen Day 50.00 Flock A Flock B 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 Age, weeks  Cumulative EPHH 400.00 350.00 300.00 Cum Egg Produced per Hen Housed 250.00 200.00 Flock A Flock B 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 Age, Weeks