Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Muscular System PDF

# Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Muscular System By Dr/Maram Mofreh Mahrous Lecturer of Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine Tanta University ## Rules * No mobile phones * Pay attention *Speak your mind *No side talk *Serve it hot ## ILOS * Recognize anatomical planes * Mention differe...

# Lecture 1 Anatomical Terminology & Muscular System By Dr/Maram Mofreh Mahrous Lecturer of Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine Tanta University ## Rules * No mobile phones * Pay attention *Speak your mind *No side talk *Serve it hot ## ILOS * Recognize anatomical planes * Mention different anatomical terms * Mention types of muscles * Describe difference between cardiac, smooth & skeletal muscles. * Summarize types of skeletal muscles. ## Anatomical position Standing erect position, the eyes looking forward, the arms by the sides of the trunk with palms of the hand facing forward and the feet close together. ## Planes ### Vertical planes 1. Sagittal plane: - Midsagittal plane: vertical antero-post. Plane divides the body into right and left equal halves. - Parasagittal plane: Any vertical plane parallel to median plane on either side of the body. 2. Coronal plane: vertical, side to side plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. 3. Transverse or horizontal plane: cross section of the body divides it into upper and lower segments. ## Terms of direction * Ventral (anterior) / Dorsal (posterior) * Superior (upper, cranial, cephalic) / Inferior (lower, caudal) * Medial / Lateral (in upper: radial, ulnar & in lower: tibial, fibular) * Superficial /Deep * Ipsilateral / Contralateral * Supine position / prone position * Proximal / Distal * Palmar, plantar / Dorsum ## Terms of movement * **Flexion:** Movement of bending, occurs when the anterior surface of distal segment moves towards that of proximal one. * **Extension:** Opposite of flexion with straightening of the joint. * **Abduction:** to draw a limb away from the median plane of the body. * **Adduction:** reverse of abduction with bringing the limb back towards the median plane * **Rotation:** Movement of a part around its long axis. If anterior surface turns laterally, it is lateral rotation. If turns medially, it is medial rotation. * **Circumduction:** Movement by the succession of the above movements. * **Pronation & supination:** Turning the palm of the hand backwards and forwards respectively when forearm in by side of body or downwards and upwards respectively when forearm is horizontal. * **Eversion & inversion:** special movement of turning sole of foot outward and inward respectively. * **Protraction & retraction:** moving forwards and backwards as in lower jaw ## Muscular system * Formed of contractile cells which concerned with production of movement both of the body as a whole and of internal organs. * **3 types of muscles:** * Smooth * Cardiac * Skeletal ## Smooth (visceral muscles) - Formed of long spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei. They appear ur - Found in walls of visceral organs and blood vessels. - It forms inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer in tubes of the body and responsible for peristaltic movement. - Controlled by involuntary parts of nervous ## Cardiac muscle - The myocardium forming the middle layer of the heart. - Composed of finely striated branching cells with central nuclei. - It has property of spontaneous rhythmic contraction that by impulses arising from SA node (the pacemaker of the heart). - Controlled by involuntary parts of the nervous system. ## Skeletal muscle - 40% of total body mass. - Large striated cells with peripheral nuclei. - They are attached to their origins and insertions by white fibrous tissue forming rounded tendon or flat aponeurosis. - The end which remain fixed during contraction is origin while the end which moves is the insertion. - It produces movements of the skeleton, maintain body position & generate the body heat. - Controlled by voluntary part of nervous system ## Forms of skeletal muscles * **Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull:** - "Strap or ribbon-like" Give wide range of movement - As: sartorius & rectus abdominis. * **Muscles with fibers oblique to line of pull** 1. **Triangular (Fan-shaped):** converge from origin to insertion as: Temporalis 2. **Spiral muscle:** there is a twist between muscle fibers as pectoralis major. * **3-Pennate muscles:** - **Multipennate circumpennate:** sloping fibers of a muscle converge from all sides to central tendon as tibialis anterior. - **Bipennate:** the tendon forms centrally and the fibers slope into 2 sides of the central tendon like a feather as: rectus femoris - **Unipennate:** tendon forms along one margin of the muscle and the fibers slope into 1 side of the tendon (1/2 feather) as: flexor pollicis longus ## Action of skeletal muscle * **Prime mover:** muscle concerned with initiation of the particular movement. (biceps) * **Antagonist:** muscle oppose and control the action of prime mover. (Triceps) * **Fixator:** muscle contracts isometrically to allow the prime mover act efficiently. (shoulder fixators) * **Synergic:** muscle acts to steady and eliminate unwanted movement in proximal joints while distal joints are in action (muscle on wrist when writing). ## Summary * Anatomical position * Vartical & horizontal planes * Terms of direction & Movement * Types of muscles * Forms & actions of skeletal muscles ## Refrences Snell, R.S. (2012): Snell Clinical anatomy by region. 9th edition. Chapter1: Introduction