Lecture 1: Lab Safety PDF

carcinogenic Lecture 1: Lab Safety Hazard...

carcinogenic Lecture 1: Lab Safety Hazard Ex. Cancer, - A source or a situation with a potential for causing harm. Cellular Damages - can be considered a disaster when there are already Ex. Benzene negative impacts on human life and their properties. - Event that triggers the disaster Radioactive -Equipment and Damage to a Example: Tiger, Tsunami radioisotopes fetus or generalized Risk overexposure to radiation - It is the potential that a chosen action will lead to an undesirable outcome. Example: Bitten by tiger, live near the coastline Electrical -Ungrounded or Burns or shock wet equipment and frayed cords Type of Hazards TYPE SOURCE POSSIBLE INJURY Fire/explosive -Open flames and Burns or organic chemical. dismemberment(Laborato Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology Biological -Infectious agents Bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic Physical -Wet floors, heavy Falls, sprains, or - Include flora and infectious boxes, and patients strains fauna in the environment, their -Pertain to tangible health, and objects or Ex. Can lead to diseases. infrastructure, like infections such as the availability of Flora (Plants) UTI, Food fire exits, or the Fauna (Animal) poisoning, Colitis sturdiness of the building. Ex. E. coli Biological Hazards Sharp -Needles, lancets, Cuts, punctures, and broken glass or exposure to bloodborne pathogens Ex. Used needle Ex. possible punctures/wound s, possible -Also known as Biohazard bloodborne -Potential source of harm caused by biological materials infections/disease -Denoted by the biohazard symbol Chemical -Preservatives and Exposure to Example: Used urine container, Human body Fluids reagents agents that are poisonous, The Chain of Infection caustic, or MLS 1-2 Villanueva  Environmental surfaces/equipment, body fluids (blood, saliva), urine/fecal material, food/water, soil, skin, respiratory tract Portal of Exit -How pathogen leaves or exits reservoir Skin to skin, skin to surface, blood, mucous membranes, oral cavity, fecal Other potentially infectious material (OPIM): Seminal fluid, joint fluid, saliva, urine/fecal material, any body fluid contaminated with blood Means of Transportation -How a pathogen moves from reservoir to susceptible host -Infection transmission requires the presence of certain Direct Transmission: Airborne, droplet, contact (e.g., components, which make up what is referred to as the chain skin), bite, needlestick or other sharp injury. of infection. Indirect Transmission: Fomites – contaminated equipment or medication (multidose vials, single -Transmission of the agent from its reservoir through the dose vials), vectors, food, water. portal of exit then enters through an appropriate portal of Portal of Entry entry to infect a susceptible host. -Opening where the pathogen may enter Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology (Laborato Body openings (e.g., mouth, eyes, urinary tract, Chain of infection respiratory tract), incisions, wounds Susceptible Host -The person at-risk: patient or healthcare worker Factors affecting susceptibility (e.g., age, health, comorbidities, immune system, nutrition, infective dose, medications) COVID-19 as Infectious Organism Infection - SARS-CoV-2 Reservoir - Bats/Pangolins/Humans Portal of Exit - Specimen, Mouth or Nose Means of Transmission - Contact/Droplets Portal of Entry - mouth/nose Susceptible Host - A person who has not been immunized against the virus Laboratory Safety -set of guidelines designed to protect laboratory personnel Infection/Infectious Organism from potential hazards in a clinical laboratory -Disease-producing, also called pathogens Virus, parasite, fungus, bacterium -Agencies involved in the design of laboratory safety guidelines Risk Factors: Virulence, pathogenicity, ability to enter host Reservoir/Source Occupational Safety and Health Administration -Environment/habitat where a pathogen can live and multiply (OSHA) - ensures safe and healthful working conditions for the works by setting ad enforcing MLS 1-2 Villanueva  standards and by providing training outreach education and assistance Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - a federal agency that conducts and supports health promotion and prevention and preparedness activities Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) - provides the guidelines for writing standards procedures and policies General Laboratory Safety Rules Never eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum in the lab -There are five major categories of measures for controlling Never put pencils or pens in mouth biological risks in lab: Never place food or beverages 1. Elimination Infection Control Strategy 2. Substitution 3. Engineering controls *Universal Precautions (UP) 4. Administrative controls -Developed in 1985 by the CDC in response to the increase in 5. Personal protective equipment bloodborne diseases a. Gloves - nitrile gloves most -Assumes that all blood and most bodily were potentially hypoallergenic infectious. Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology (Laborato b. Lab gowns - front buttoning gowns; rear fastening lab coats *Body Substance Isolation (BSI) c. Respirators - required when -Also assumes that all blood and most body fluids had the entering rooms of patients with potential to spread disease pulmonary tb and other diseases -Went beyond UP by requiring personnel to wear gloves with airborne transmission when in contact with any body substance i. Niosh approved respirator is the n95 *Standard Precautions (SP) ii. N100 -Released by CDC IN 1996. It combines the recommendations d. Hand hygiene of UP with BSI. i. Single most important way to prevent the spread Occupation Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogen Standards of infection ii. Include: handwashing; -First published by OSHA in 1991 to protect healthcare alcohol based hand workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens cleansers Mitigation Control Measure Post-exposure prophylaxis -Strategies used to reduce or eliminate biological risks, like -any accidental incident should be evaluated right away to exposure to harmful germs, in a laboratory. ensure appropriate postexposure prophylaxis is initiated around 24 hrs. -There are five major categories of measures for controlling biological risks in lab: Mitigation Control Measures Elimination -Completely remove the hazard or risk from the lab. Eliminate the danger if possible. Stopping the use of a harmful bacteria strain in experiments MLS 1-2 Villanueva  -are any objects that can cut or puncture the skin, like Substitution needles or broken glass. They’re dangerous because they can -Replace a dangerous substance or Substitute it with cause injuries and spread infections. To stay safe, use proper something safer. disposal containers, wear protective gear, and handle sharp objects carefully. Example: Using a less harmful bacteria strain for experiments instead of a more dangerous one. Chemical Hazard Engineering Controls - Chemical hazards are dangerous substances that can harm -Use physical changes to the lab environment to reduce the your health, cause fires, or damage the environment. They risk. Use engineering controls like equipment to protect include things like toxic, flammable, corrosive, and reactive people. chemicals. To stay safe, always label and store chemicals properly, use protective gear, ensure good ventilation, and Example: Installing a safety cabinet to contain harmful germs follow safe handling practices. and prevent them from spreading. Administrative Controls -Safety shower and eye washer must be available in case na -Set up administrative controls like rules and training. malagyan ng chemicals ang eyes or body Example: Training lab workers on how to handle dangerous Radioactive Hazard substances properly and setting up protocols for cleaning up -it involve exposure to materials that emit harmful radiation, spills. Humanwhich Anatomycan damage cells and with and Physiology causePathophysiology health problems like(Laborato HCS Pictograms and Hazards cancer. There are different types of radiation, some of which can be stopped by simple barriers, while others require heavy shielding. To stay safe, limit your exposure time, keep a safe distance, use proper shielding, and follow safety protocols. Electrical Hazard - are risks related to electricity, like shocks, burns, and fires. To stay safe, make sure all wiring and equipment are in good condition, use safety devices like GFCIs, wear protective gear, and follow safety procedures like lockout/tagout. Never overload circuits, and be cautious when working with or around electricity. Fire/Explosive Hazard -Initial steps to follow when a fire is discovered are identified by the code word RACE: Rescue Alarm Contain Extinguish/Evacuate Sharp Hazard MLS 1-2 Villanueva  Packaging -Plastic bags for solid or semisolid infectious waste -Bottles, flasks, or tanks for liquid and semiliquid wastes -Puncture-proof plastics for sharps Storage and Transport -Warmer temp cause higher rates of microbial growth and resulting in odor problems -Minimize storage holding time (