Lecture 1: Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture PDF

Faculty of Computing and Informatics Introduction and Overview Faculty of Computing and Informatics Introduction and Overview 1. Organisation and Architecture 2. Overview – Why study COA? 3. Brief History of Computers 4. Embedded Systems 5. Cloud Computing  Computer Architecture...

Faculty of Computing and Informatics Introduction and Overview Faculty of Computing and Informatics Introduction and Overview 1. Organisation and Architecture 2. Overview – Why study COA? 3. Brief History of Computers 4. Embedded Systems 5. Cloud Computing  Computer Architecture Computer Organization Attributes of a Instruction set, system visible to number of bits used the programmer to represent various data types, I/O Have a direct mechanisms, impact on the techniques for logical execution addressing memory of a program Architectur Computer al Architectur attributes e include: Organizati Computer onal Organizati attributes on include: Hardware details The operational transparent to the units and their programmer, control interconnections signals, interfaces between the computer that realize the and peripherals, architectural memory technology specifications used © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Faculty of Computing and Informatics Activity 1: Class Discussion In Groups of at least 5, let’s take 2 minutes to complete this Activity Give any three reasons why you think it is important for the following people to study Computer Organisation and Architecture:- 1. Computer User 2. Systems Analyst 3. Computer Programmer 4. System Administrator 5. Web Designer  Why Study COA?  Computer User  Understand system capabilities and limitations  Make informed decisions  Improve communications with information technology professionals  Systems Analyst  Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user requirements  Specify computer systems to meet application requirements  Computer Programmer  Create efficient application software for specific processing needs  Why Study COA?  System Administrator / Manager  Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems  Maximize system availability  Optimize system performance  Ensure system security  Web Designer  Optimize customer accessibility to Web services  System administration of Web servers  Select appropriate data formats  Design efficient Web pages  Structure and Function Hierarchical system Structure – Set of interrelated – The way in which subsystems components – Hierarchical nature of relate to each complex systems is other essential to both their Function design and their description – The operation of – Designer need only deal individual with a particular level of the components as system at a time part of the – Concerned with structure structure and function at each level © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. + Function There are four basic functions that a computer can perform:- – Data processing Data may take a wide variety of forms and the range of processing requirements is broad – Data storage Short-term Long-term – Data movement Input-output (I/O) - when data are received from or delivered to a device (peripheral) that is directly connected to the computer Data communications – when data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device – Control A control unit manages the computer’s resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in response to instructions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Structure © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.   CPU – controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions There are four main structural  Main Memory – stores data components of the  I/O – moves data between the computer: computer and its external environment  System Interconnection – some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.  CPU Control Unit – Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the Major structural computer components: – Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) – Performs the computer’s data processing function – Registers – Provide storage internal to the CPU – CPU Interconnection – Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. + Multicore Computer Structure Central processing unit (CPU) – Portion of the computer that fetches and executes instructions – Consists of an ALU, a control unit, and registers – Referred to as a processor in a system with a single processing unit Core – An individual processing unit on a processor chip – May be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system – Specialized processing units are also referred to as cores Processor – A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores – Is the computer component that interprets and executes instructions – Referred to as a multicore processor if it contains multiple cores © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.  + Figure 1.3 Motherboard with Two Intel Quad-Core Xeon Processors © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. + History of Computers First Generation: Vacuum Tubes Vacuum tubes were used for digital logic elements and memory IAS computer – Fundamental design approach was the stored program concept Attributed to the mathematician John von Neumann First publication of the idea was in 1945 for the EDVAC – Design began at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies – Completed in 1952 – Prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved. + History of Computers Second Generation: Transistors – Relatively Smaller due to a transistor technology – Relatively Cheaper – Dissipates less heat than a vacuum tube – Is a solid state device made from silicon – Was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 – It was not until the late 1950’s that fully transistorized computers were commercially available © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved. + Second Generation Computers Introduced: – More complex arithmetic and logic units and control units – The use of high-level programming languages – Provision of system software which provided the ability to: Load programs Move data to peripherals Libraries perform common computations © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved.  History of Computers Third Generation: Integrated Circuits 1958 – the invention of the integrated circuit Discrete component – Single, self-contained transistor – Manufactured separately, packaged in their own containers, and soldered or wired together onto masonite-like circuit boards – Manufacturing process was expensive and cumbersome – The two most important members of the third generation were the IBM System/360 and the DEC PDP-8 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. +Integrated A computer consists of gates, memory cells, and Circuits interconnections among these elements The gates and memory cells are constructed of Data storage – provided by simple digital electronic memory cells components Data processing – provided by gates Exploits the fact that such Data movement – the components as transistors, paths among components resistors, and conductors can be fabricated from a are used to move data semiconductor such as from memory to memory silicon and from memory through Many transistors can be gates to memory produced at the same time Control – the paths among on a single wafer of silicon Transistors can be components can carry control signals connected with a processor metallization to form circuits © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved.  + LSI Large Scale Later Integratio n Generation VLSI s Very Large Scale Integration ULSI Ultra Large Semiconductor Scale Memory Integration Microprocessors © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. + © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Moore’s Law 1965; Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel Observed number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year Consequences of Moore’s law: The pace slowed to a doubling every 18 months in the 1970’s but has The cost of The electrical Computer sustained that rate computer logic path length is becomes smaller Reduction in ever since Fewer and memory shortened, and is more power and interchip circuitry has increasing convenient to cooling use in a variety connections fallen at a operating requirements dramatic rate speed of environments © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Semiconductor Memory In 1970 Fairchild produced the first relatively capacious semiconductor memory Chip was about the Could hold 256 bits of Non-destructive Much faster than core size of a single core memory In 1974 the price per bit of semiconductor memory dropped below the price There has been a continuing and rapid decline per bit of core memory Developments in memory and processor in memory cost accompanied by a technologies changed the nature of computers corresponding increase in physical memory in less than a decade density Since 1970 semiconductor memory has been through 13 generations Each generation has provided four times the storage density of the previous generation, accompanied by declining cost per bit and declining access time © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. + Microprocessors The density of elements on processor chips continued to rise – More and more elements were placed on each chip so that fewer and fewer chips were needed to construct a single computer processor 1971 Intel developed 4004 – First chip to contain all of the components of a CPU on a single chip – Birth of microprocessor 1972 Intel developed 8008 – First 8-bit microprocessor 1974 Intel developed 8080 – First general purpose microprocessor – Faster, has a richer instruction set, has a large addressing capability © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved. + The Evolution of the Intel x86 Architecture Two processor families are the Intel x86 and the ARM architectures Current x86 offerings represent the results of decades of design effort on complex instruction set computers (CISCs) An alternative approach to processor design is the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) ARM architecture is used in a wide variety of embedded systems and is one of the most powerful and best- designed RISC-based systems on the market © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Highlights of the Evolution of the Intel Product Line: 8080 8086 80286 80386 80486 World’s first A more Extension of Intel’s first Introduced general- powerful 16- the 8086 32-bit the use of purpose bit machine enabling machine much more microprocess Has an addressing a First Intel sophisticated or instruction 16-MB processor to and powerful 8-bit cache, or memory support cache machine, 8- queue, that instead of just multitasking technology bit data path prefetches a 1MB and to memory few sophisticated Was used in instructions instruction the first before they pipelining personal are executed Also offered a computer The first built-in math (Altair) appearance coprocessor of the x86 architecture The 8088 was a variant of this processor and used in IBM’s first personal computer (securing the© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., success of Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. Highlights of the Evolution of the Intel Product Line: Pentium Intel introduced the use of superscalar techniques, which allow multiple instructions to execute in parallel Pentium Pro Continued the move into superscalar organization with aggressive use of register renaming, branch prediction, data flow analysis, and speculative execution Pentium II Incorporated Intel MMX technology, which is designed specifically to process video, audio, and graphics data efficiently Pentium III Incorporated additional floating-point instructions Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) Pentium 4 Includes additional floating-point and other enhancements for multimedia Core First Intel x86 micro-core Core 2 Extends the Core architecture to 64 bits Core 2 Quad provides four cores on a single chip More recent Core offerings have up to 10 cores per chip An important addition to the architecture was the Advanced Vector Extensions instruction set © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. +Embedded Systems The use of electronics and software within a product Billions of computer systems are produced each year that are embedded within larger devices Today many devices that use electric power have an embedded computing system Often embedded systems are tightly coupled to their environment – This can give rise to real-time constraints imposed by the need to interact with the environment Constraints such as required speeds of motion, required precision of measurement, and required time durations, dictate the timing of software operations – If multiple activities must be managed simultaneously this imposes more complex real-time constraints © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. + The Internet of Things (IoT) Term that refers to the expanding interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors Is primarily driven by deeply embedded devices Generations of deployment culminating in the IoT: – Information technology (IT) PCs, servers, routers, firewalls, and so on, bought as IT devices by enterprise IT people and primarily using wired connectivity – Operational technology (OT) Machines/appliances with embedded IT built by non-IT companies, such as medical machinery, SCADA, process control, and kiosks, bought as appliances by enterprise OT people and primarily using wired connectivity – Personal technology Smartphones, tablets, and eBook readers bought as IT devices by consumers exclusively using wireless connectivity and often multiple forms of wireless connectivity – Sensor/actuator technology Single-purpose devices bought by consumers, IT, and OT people exclusively using wireless connectivity, generally of a single form, as part of larger systems – It is the fourth generation that is usually thought of as the IoT and it is marked by the use of billions of embedded devices © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved. + Cloud Computing NIST defines cloud computing as: “A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.” You get economies of scale, professional network management, and professional security management The individual or company only needs to pay for the storage capacity and services they need Cloud provider takes care of security © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Ho boken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Cloud Networking Refers to the networks and network management functionality that must be in place to enable cloud computing One example is the provisioning of high-performance and/or high-reliability networking between the provider and subscriber The collection of network capabilities required to access a cloud, including making use of specialized services over the Internet, linking enterprise data center to a cloud, and using firewalls and other network security devices at critical points to enforce access security policies Cloud Storage Subset of cloud computing Consists of database storage and database applications hosted remotely on cloud servers Enables small businesses and individual users to take advantage of data storage that scales with their needs and to take advantage of a variety of database applications without having to buy, maintain, and manage the storage assets © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.  Summary Organization and Embedded systems architecture – The Internet of things Structure and function – Embedded operating Brief history of computers systems – The First Generation: Vacuum tubes – Application processors – The Second Generation: versus dedicated Transistors processors – The Third Generation: – Microprocessors versus Integrated Circuits – Later generations microcontrollers – Embedded versus deeply – The evolution of the Intel x86 embedded systems architecture – Cloud computing – Basic concepts – Cloud services © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.  13 Storch Street T: +264 61 207 2258 Private Bag 13388 F: +264 61 207 9258 Windhoek E: [email protected] NAMIBIA W: www.nust.na Faculty of Computing and Informatics Thank You.