Lecture 1 Introduction 2024 PDF

BL10A0102 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Time: First year, Period 1, 2 credits Responsible teacher Pia Lindh (D.Sc. Tech.) Teacher Ullah (D.Sc. Tech.) Pia’s room 3318 [email protected] phone +358 400 152 420 Use Moodle chat Mehar’s room 6421 [email protected] phone +358 451705414 Study mat...

BL10A0102 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Time: First year, Period 1, 2 credits Responsible teacher Pia Lindh (D.Sc. Tech.) Teacher Ullah (D.Sc. Tech.) Pia’s room 3318 [email protected] phone +358 400 152 420 Use Moodle chat Mehar’s room 6421 [email protected] phone +358 451705414 Study material: All material and assignments are found on Moodle Literature: in Moodle, in google, in library The purpose is to learn the basics. Electrical Engineering is a wide and important field. We have students as well as teachers from various backgrounds. TEACHING METHODS Lectures (active method) and self-study The course includes assignments on Moodle, quizzes. For example, multiple choice questions. Students can use lecture material and internet searches as resources to find solutions. Each lecture is connected with one Quiz on Moodle. Each assignment can be answered one time.  Give feedback in Moodle chat Lectures are seen as pdf’s. Changes will be made to Moodle e.g. if lecturer is not available GRADE The final grade is directly calculated from all of: Grades: 0-49 % -> 0 quizzes, and final exam. 50 % -> 1 Grading: 0–5. Grades. 60 % -> 2 Shortly - if 50 % of answers are correct the grade is 1. 70 % -> 3 If 90 or >90 % of answers are correct the final grade is 5. 80 % -> 4 90 % -> 5 ONE EXAMPLE OF ASSIGNMENT IN MOODLE Footer Date Subject Lecturer Main milestones of electricity Basic 3.9 Lindh, Ullah components: generator 10.9 Electricity supply Lindh 17.9 Consumption Lindh 24.9 Electric drives, Power electronics Lindh 1.10 Electricity market Lindh, Ullah Power Systems, Smart Grid concept. 8.10 Ullah Energy storages 15.10 IoT and Power-to-X technologies Ullah EXAM IN EXAM ROOMS Go and to a test eEXAM if you wish. Instructions to eEXAM are: https://elut.lut.fi/en/completing-studies/examinations/exam-electronic-examination WHY? AN ENGINEER NEEDS TO KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT ELECTRICITY? Electricity Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Engineering Information Tech. or Engineering Mechanical Engineering Industrial business and management WHY After successfully completing the course, students are able to: identify the turning points of electrical engineering list the most essential electric power generation methods determine the most important end-uses of electricity explain electricity price formation identify applications of electrical engineering and describe their operation principles solve problems related to simple DC and AC systems understand how transformers and generators work how other technologies(e.g. IoT, PtX…) can be used to facilitate electrical engineering  WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? It is around us. We are all using it. It comes from the socket on the wall. Sinusoidal wave form, 240 Volts Electric shock – so I don’t touch it https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oB1v- wh7EGU (This is voluntary to learn/look) THE ELECTRICITY SYSTEM SUPPLY CONSUMPTION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION CONTROL MARKET PLACE POWER ELECTRONICS https://happeningthemovie.com/ This movie shows the big picture of electricity. THE HISTORY AND INNOVATIONS OF ELECTRICITY So, what is electricity? The truth is that electricity, like natural resources, has always been around because it naturally exists in the world.  Magnetic stones – compass.  Electric fish, eel  Lightning, for instance, is simply a flow of electrons between the ground and the clouds in the form of static electricity. When you touch something and get a shock, that is really static electricity moving toward you. Hence, electrical technology like motors, light bulbs, and batteries are more like creative inventions designed to harness and use electric power. GROUNDBREAKING INVENTIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING A BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY There is only some random information about the early days of electricity and magnetism. The weak power of crushed amber is considered to be the first man- made electrical phenomenon (ancient Greece), while magnetism was associated with naturally occurring ore. The Chinese are said to have used magnets to determine directions in the 20th century BC. Europe did not know about the compass until the 13th century. It was not until the late 16th century that the first systematic experiments began to provide information on the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Ewald Georg von Kleinst (1700-1748) − Invented the first electrical storage In the 17th and 18th centuries static device, the elementary capacitor. electricity was studied. Humans learned to control electricity in the 1740s, when static friction electricity was successfully stored in a Leyden jar. Peter van Musschenbroek Reference, Ismo Lindell Sähkön pitkä historia Leyden jar (condenser) / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hFC9ugTGLs Sähkömuseo Elektra GALVANI JA VOLTA In the late 18th century, Luigi Galvani concluded that animals had electricity. He conducted frog thigh tests where he found that the frog limb as part of a wire loop generates electric current. Alessandro Volta did not believe that the frenzy of frogs was caused by animal electricity. He reinterpreted the Galvani frog experiments, overturned animal electrical theory, and built the first battery (e.g., silver, zinc and paper strips wet with saltwater between plates). Now there was a steady electrical current! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, 1820 One of the most significant turning points in the history of electrical engineering was demonstrating the link between magnetism and electricity. The Dane Örsted (1777-1851) conducted a pivotal experiment in which the magnetism of an electric current was observed. Experiment: While measuring the conductor current, he noticed that the compass pin near the conductor was affected by the current. + - - + + - - + It was shown that electric current passes from (+) to (-) in a battery. AND THE SAME TIME IN FRANCE At about the same time, another electromagnetism researcher from France, André Marie Ampère (1775-1836), discovered that two conductors with direct current in the same direction were attracted to each other and repelled as currents traveled in different directions. He also showed the basic mathematical equations combining electricity and magnetism, which brought Örsted's experiment into science knowledge. "If the fingers of the right hand are twisted around an electrical conductor with your thumb pointing in the direction of the electric current, the fingers in turn will point in the direction of the magnetic field generated by the electric current." https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ki/Category:Ampere%27s_law CHARLES COULOMB (1736-1806) First described the quantity of electrostatic force between two stationary, electrically charged particles (Coulomb’s law). Coulomb had to develop a sensitive torsion balance for measuring weak electrical and magnetic forces, which he used to perform his crucial experiments. Coulomb also defined the law of magnetic repulsion and attraction in the same article. The law of electrostatic force Q1Q2k is now named Coulomb’s law F r2 The unit of electrical charge was chosen as the coulomb in Paris in 1881. [C] = [As] Benjamin Franklin − American writer, publisher, scientist and diplomat, who helped to draw up the famous Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. In 1752 Franklin proved that lightning and the spark from amber were one and the same thing. − Lightning is electricity (also in nature) and not something that only happens in laboratory. − He invented lightening rod to protect people and buildings. − Power direction indicator. Electrons flow to different direction than current flows. JOSEPH HENRY (1797-1878) Was the first major American electricity researcher after Franklin. Made many inventions related to electromagnetism. Discovered self-inductance before Faraday. Henry was quite a practical engineer. Henry used electromagnets for a number of purposes. He developed an electric doorbell and pendulum-like electric motor. Coil Inductance L [H] 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 Albert Einstein H. Hertz J. Maxwell J. Henry M. Faraday C. Gauss H. C. Örsted A. Ampere A. Volta 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940  Coil Henry also invented the relay. With this he was able to ring a bell from a mile away. He noted that the long connection worked best when using an intensity battery (high voltage) and an intensity coil (with a lot of turns) in the relay. This idea was later applied by Samuel Morse in building long telegraph connections. Inductance L [H] He also experimented with a transformer that could convert "intensity current into a quantity current" and vice versa. Due to Henry's merits, the henry was proposed as the unit of inductance in 1890 and approved by the International System of Units (SI) in 1893. Inductance L [H] Humphry Davy introduced the working principle of the light bulb in 1802 Thomas Alva Edison invented the light bulb in America in 1879 and the world's first electric utility was established in New York on September 4, 1882. Thomas Alva Edison helped form the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, which brought electric light to parts of Manhattan. The invention of the lead-acid battery enabled the introduction of the first commercial electric vehicles in Paris and London in the 1880s. But the rapid development of internal combustion engines in the 1920s soon left electric car experiments behind. And where are we in the 21st century? http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Electric http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison  Several persons developed motor prototypes at the same time: Early incarnations of the electric motor first appeared in the 1740s through the work of Scottish Benedictine monk and scientist, Andrew Gordon. Other scientists such as Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry continued to develop early electric motors. Hippolyte Pixii developed a DC generator in France 1832. Thomas Davenport of Vermont invented the first official battery-powered electric motor in 1834. 𝑈 = 𝑅𝐼 𝑈 William Sturgeon invented the first DC motor that could provide enough power to drive machinery. 𝐼= 𝑅 Frank Julian Sprague 1884, motor with constants speed. Ohm’s law Nikola Tesla, patented AC motor in 1888. SOME DEFINITIONS  Charge: It is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.  Can negative (electron) or positive(protons)  The unit of charge is Coulomb (C) and symbol can be Q  Current: Current is the rate at which electrons flow past a point in a complete electrical circuit.  The unit of Current is Ampere(A) and symbol is I.  I = Q/t  Voltage: It is the measure of the potential energy difference per unit charge between two points in an electric field.  The unit of Voltage is Volt (V) and symbol is V  V= IR  Energy: It is the total work done or energy consumed by an electrical device over time.  The unit of energy is joule (J) or can be Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and symbol is E  E = Pt or E = V I t  Power: It is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.  The unit of power is Watt (W) and symbol is P  P = VI ALTERNATING CURRENT SYSTEMS The rise of AC systems began to quietly begin in the 1880s The AC generator was simpler than the DC generator and the transformer enabled low loss power transfer The only problem was that the AC motor was still missing in the early 1880s. https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla NIKOLA TESLA According to stories, Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in the village of Smiljan in the Austrian Empire in what is now Croatia. During his technology studies, he concluded that devices do not always require a commutator, as in the so-called Gramme dynamo (to produce direct current). He made several changes at the Budapest Telephone Exchange Moved to the United States in 1884. Worked for Edison Machine Works. At the Thomas Edison Research Laboratory, New York. Tesla defended AC, while Edison advocated DC as a power transmission method. Tesla's AC systems were superior to Edison's technology and gradually became the dominant technology on the market. In 1888 Nikola Tesla patented a two-phase AC motor Tesla later patented a complete AC system: generator, transmission, motor and lighting. During his lifetime, Tesla patented some 300 inventions worldwide. The voltage of AC power is raised during high power transmission. When transmitted to small consumers, a transformer lowers the voltage. AC power can thus be transported over long distances with thinner lines. The transfer is thus cheaper. At the time, Edison's DC lighting system was miles away. This is why the first built street lighting and electricity transmission system favored AC, or alternating current. Niagara Falls. Today 4.5 - 5 GW. THE CURRENT SYSTEM Nowadays, there is a need to transfer direct electricity between countries. More stable electricity with DC, the DC circuit has no inductance. Better voltage regulation. No frequency variation Nowadays there are also High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems. As part of the transmission system. Or the whole city is a DC system. Smart Grid DC system. Low Voltage DC (LVDC) systems. Several applications in households Phones, computers, electric cars… Global development of electronic communication: 1842 First telegraph tests (Morse) 1866 First working trans-Atlantic cable (telegraph cable connection) 1875 Telephone (Bell) 1895 Wireless connection (radio) (G. Marconi) 1901 First trans-Atlantic radio signal (G. Marconi) 1906 Vacuum tube 1939 Television … etc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS The development of electronics began in the early part of the 20th century based on cathode ray tubes (invented in 1906), but the transistor invented in 1947 started the development of semiconductors. Even without the transistor, development proceeded. Radio, television and radar were based on cathode-ray tubes, in which electrons are beamed in noble gases. The tubes act as amplifiers in telephone networks, and they were made into elementary computers. Jack Kilby, an employee of Texas Instruments, built the first integrated circuit in September 1958. Semiconductors were used to produce smaller, cheaper and more reliable electronic devices. PRINCIPLES + Magnet creates magnet field Faraday - - + Interaction between current and magnetism. Induction. Ampere Current is flowing  Magnet field is around it Ampere Store electricity – Capacitor, “Leyden Jar” Musschenbroek & Kleinst Continuous current, Battery A. Volta Benjamin Franklin flew a kite  Lightning is electricity. Practical discoveries Joseph Henry, relay, door bell Nicola Tesla, AC current systems Thomas Alva Edison, Bulb, DC systems John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley discovered a transistor.  MAIN SOURCE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY GLOBAL  Renewable source  Water  Wind  Solar  Geothermal  Biomass  Non- renewable source  Fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, oil etc.)  Nuclear source (uranium) ELECTRIFICATION IN FINLAND Finns were among the first in the world to electrify. The use of electricity is considered to have begun in Finland on March 15, 1882, when the first light bulbs were introduced in Finlayson's weaving hall in Tampere. Electricity was obtained from two 110-volt DC dynamos. Only four European cities used electric light before Tampere: Paris, Strasbourg, Milan and London. Finlayson also established Finland's first power plant, and the factory set an example for the entire electrification of Tampere. ELECTRIFICATION CONTINUES… In 1929 the largest power plant in the Nordic countries was completed at the Imatra rapids At the time of the completion of the Imatra hydropower plant, it was estimated that Finland would never use as much electricity as Imatra produces.  Rated Annual Year of Head River/wate Founder/ Power plant power energy City constru height (m) rshed Owner (MW) (GWh/a) ction Imatran Voima/ Imatra 192 1000 25,0 Vuoksi Imatra 1928 Fortum Petäjäskoski 182 687 20,5 Kemijoki Rovaniemi 1957 Kemijoki Pirttikoski 152 581 26,0 Kemijoki Rovaniemi 1959 Kemijoki Imatran Pyhäkoski 147 555 32,3 Oulujoki Muhos 1951 Voima/Fortum Seitakorva 144 511 24,0–17,0 Kemijoki Kemijärvi 1963 Kemijoki Taivalkoski 133 536 20,0 Kemijoki Keminmaa 1976 Kemijoki Ossauskoski 124 501 15,5 Kemijoki Tervola 1966 Kemijoki PVO- Vesivoima Oy Isohaara 112,5 310 12,0 Kemijoki Keminmaa 1949 (Pohjolan Voima) Valajaskoski 101 365 11,5 Kemijoki Rovaniemi 1960 Kemijoki  IN FINLAND THERE ARE OVER 220 HYDROPOWER PLANTS. TOGETHER, THE COMBINED POWER OUTPUT IS ABOUT 3100 MW. OR 3.1 GW https://www.kemijoki.fi/media/vesivoiman-merkitys-suomen-energiajarjestelmalle_pitka.pdf CALCULATING POWER 𝑃 =𝜂 𝜌 𝑔 𝑉̇ ∆ℎ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐹𝐿𝐻 Consider the following data from the River Vuoksi in Imatra and the Niagara River in Niagara Falls Calculate the average annual power of the hydropower plants Calculate the amount of energy that can be generated for each river River Height (m) Efficiency Flow rate Water Full load (m³/s) density hours (kg/m³) Vuoksi 25 80% 570 1000 7125 Niagara 100 80% 1800 1000 7500 CALCULATING POWER 𝐸 =𝑚 𝑔 ℎ ∆𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑔 ∆ℎ = 𝜌 𝑉̇ 𝑡 𝑔 ∆ℎ =𝑃 𝑡+𝑄 ∆𝐸 −𝑄 𝑃 = =𝜂 𝜌 𝑔 𝑉̇ ∆ℎ ∆𝑡 Epot: potential energy m: mass of water g: acceleration due to gravity h,∆h:height delta of water flow ρw: density of water ∂tV: volume flow rate Pel: electric power output t: time Q: waste heat η: efficiency of hydropower plant CALCULATING POWER Vuoksi 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑚 𝑃 = 80% ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 570 ∗ 25 𝑚 = 111 834 000 𝑚 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑃 = 111 834 000 𝑊 = 112 𝑀𝑊 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐹𝐿𝐻 = 112 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 7125 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 = 796 817.250 𝑀𝑊ℎ = 797 𝐺𝑊ℎ Niagara 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑚 𝑃 = 80% ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1800 ∗ 100 𝑚 = 1 412 640 000 𝑚 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑃 = 1 412 640 000 𝑊 = 1413 𝑀𝑊 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐹𝐿𝐻 = 1413 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 7500 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 = 10 594 800 𝑀𝑊ℎ = 10 595 𝐺𝑊ℎ The Imatrankoski hydropower plant (Vuoksi) actually has a nameplate capacity of 192 MW and the Adam Beck plant (Niagara) is 1997 MW. How do you explain the difference from our calculation? CALCULATING POWER The flow is not always even throughout the year, so higher capacity can handle higher flow rates at different times Some rivers must also make sure that a minimum flow rate is maintained, and this may require higher capacity But, higher capacity will cost more! There must be an economic reason to justify the higher capacity Market prices for electricity differ throughout the day They also differ throughout the year Generally, at times of high demand, market prices are higher Capacity of hydropower plants is determined by maximizing profit Hydropower plants also have a key role to balance frequency Balancing market prices tend to be high, so higher capacity can result in higher profit REMEMBER TO ANSWER THE QUIZ IN MOODLE Thank you and see you next week!