Dosage Forms of Drugs Lecture PDF

Dosage forms of Drugs Dr. Nesreen Elgayar Lecturer of Pharmacology Ain Shams University  Routes of Administration Entral Parentral Respiratory External Liquid Solid  Entral Forms Oral/ Buccal Rectal Solution...

Dosage forms of Drugs Dr. Nesreen Elgayar Lecturer of Pharmacology Ain Shams University  Routes of Administration Entral Parentral Respiratory External Liquid Solid  Entral Forms Oral/ Buccal Rectal Solution Solid Liquid Solid Aqueous Tablet Enema Suppository Alcoholic Capsule Powder Susspension/ Pills emulssion  Oral dosage forms AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Water Syrup Extract Infusion Peppermint Cough Ergot Tea water syrups extract aqueous solution of volatile oil sweetened aqueous solution of drug 100% concentrated drug extract in water aqueous solution obtained by soaking dried plants in hot or cold water  Oral dosage forms ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS alcoholic solution of volatile oil hydroalcoholic solutions of nonvolatile substances (10-20% alcohol) Spirit Elixir Tincture Fluid extract Peppermint Antihistaminic Tincture spirit elixirs belladonna Cascara concentrated tinctures each 1 ml contains the therapeutic ingredients of 1 g of crude drug sweetened hydroalcoholic solution of drug  Oral dosage forms Suspensions & Emulsions Suspensions Emulsions Antimicrobial Liquid paraffin suspensions oral emulsion insoluble solids suspended in water. insoluble liquids suspended in water + an emulsifying agent  Solid oral dosage forms TABLETS Ordinary Coated Sustained Enteric tablet tablet release coated tablet tablet a sugar coat protects the drug & masks its bad taste a small disc of medicated compressed powder mixed with inert binder * Sustained release Tablet  Solid oral dosage forms (cont.) TABLETS Ordinary Coated Sustained Enteric tablet tablet release coated tablet tablet the coat dissolves in the intestine to avoid gastric different coats and different disintegration times irritation or inactivation  Solid oral dosage forms (cont.) TABLETS Lozenges Sublingual tablet Nitroglycerin flavored tablets, which dissolve slowly when, put in mouth friable, for rapid buccal disintegration  Solid oral dosage forms CAPSULES Hard Soft Spansule Enteric gelatin gelatin coated capsule capsule capsule Sustained-release capsule  Solid oral dosage forms CAPSULES Hard Soft Spansule Enteric gelatin gelatin coated capsule capsule capsule Powder Effervescent granules  Pills Spherical masses of medical substances  Excipients These are additional - pharmacologically inactive- chemicals added to oral dosage forms Binder Disintegrants Flavouring agents Others  Instructions for taking oral dosage forms 1. Take before meals if interact with diet 2. Take after meals if irritant 3. Take with water as it does not interact with most drugs 4. To be swallowed whole, not chewed if coated  Rectal dosage forms Suppositories Enemata Drug is incorporated in a waxy base Glycerine suppositories Medicated suppositories (Theophylline)  Types of Enema Evacuant Retention Enema Enema To administer drugs To evacuate lower GIT Warm water 100 ml Warm water 600 ml given slowly by drip given rapidly under low pressure under high pressure e.g. corticosteroid in ulcerative colitis Directions to using enemas: Squeezing the bottle or elevating the bag causes pressure High pressure is applied if the aim is to empty the colon Gentle pressure if the drug is to be retained Avoid emptying the bowels for at least 1 hour  Precautions before Retention Enema Rectum is first cleaned with evacuant enema. Amount must not exceed 200 ml & level of solution must not be high. Drug solution should not be irritant.  Parenteral Dosage Forms LIQUID (INJECTIONS) Ampoules Vials Pre-filled syringes SOLID (IMPLANTS) w4 Contraceptive Pellets  Respiratory Dosage Forms VAPOURS GASES STEAM Nitrous Oxide Highly volatile Less or Non Oxygen Amyl Nitrite volatile Ether Tincture Benzoin  Respiratory Dosage Forms (cont.) AEROSOLS Dry powder inhalers Suspension of a liquid or solid in a They provide dry micronized gas given by inhalers powders directly into the lung Spinhaler Metered dose inhaler Nebulizers Discus  Metered dose inhalers (MDI) How to use an MDI : Method 1: Put the mouthpiece of the inhaler in your mouth. Method 2: Connect through a spacer (or holding chamber) to mouth. Method 3: Hold the inhaler 1-2 inches in front of your mouth (about 2-3 finger widths). Method 1 Method 2 Method 3  Skin dosage forms Liquid Preparations Lotion (aqueous) Liniment (alcoholic) Asrtingent agents Antiseptics Emollients (moisturizers)  Skin dosage forms (cont.) Semiliquid Preparations Cream Ointment Semisolid Preparations Patches Fentanyl patch Solid Preparations Powder  Vaginal Dosage Forms LIQUID (DOUCHE) Introduction of liquid drugs for local effect Betadine vaginal solution SEMISOLID (cream) Estrogen cream and clindamycin cream SOLID (PESSARY) Miconazole ovules