Lecture-1 DNA Technology and Genomics (Fall 2024) PDF

BIO 100 – FALL 2024 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Instructor: Dr. Hassan Qureshi Department of Biological Sciences  [ Lecture -1 ] Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Reference Textbook: Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (10th Editi...

BIO 100 – FALL 2024 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Instructor: Dr. Hassan Qureshi Department of Biological Sciences  [ Lecture -1 ] Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Reference Textbook: Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (10th Edition) Today’s Topics Gene Cloning Gene Editing 12.1 Genes Can Be Cloned in Recombinant Plasmids Gene cloning is one application of Biotechnology, the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products. Researchers can manipulate bacterial plasmids so that they contain genes from other organisms. – These Recombinant DNA plasmids can then be inserted into bacteria. – If the recombinant bacteria multiply into a Clone, the foreign genes are also duplicated and copies of the gene or its protein product can be harvested. 12.1 Genes Can Be Cloned in Recombinant Plasmids In the 1970s - recombinant DNA making in the lab. Recombinant DNA is formed combining two different genes (in-vitro) into one organism. Recombinant DNA technology is widely used for genetic engineering. 12.1 Genes Can Be Cloned in Recombinant Plasmids n the 1970s - recombinant DNA making in the lab. Recombinant DNA is formed combining two different genes (in-vitro) into one organism. Recombinant DNA technology is widely used for genetic engineering. Genetically engineered bacteria are being used to mass- produce a variety of useful chemicals, cancer drugs, pesticides and lot more. Scientists have also transferred genes from bacteria into plants and from one animal species into another. Glowing Aquarium Fish Produced By Transferring A Gene Originally Obtained From a Jelly Fish. An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning An overview of gene cloning  A gene for pest resistance is inserted into plants. A protein is used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy. A gene is used to alter bacteria for cleaning Insulin is given to up toxic waste. diabetics. Animation: Cloning a Gene Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12.2 Enzymes Are Used to “Cut and Paste” DNA ▪ Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, forming restriction fragments. - Restriction fragments can either have sticky ends or blunt ends. 12.2 Enzymes Are Used to “Cut and Paste” DNA ▪ Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, forming restriction fragments. - Restriction fragments can either have sticky ends or blunt ends. ▪ Restriction site: A specific sequence of a DNA strand that is recognized as a ‘cut site’ by a restriction enzyme. ▪ DNA ligase “pastes” DNA fragments together. Animation: Restriction Enzymes Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA  12.3 Nucleic Acid Probes Can Label Specific DNA Segments It would be very difficult task to find a specific segment of DNA among a much larger collection of genes on DNA. A short, single-stranded molecule of labeled DNA, called a nucleic acid probe, can tag a desired nucleotide sequence. 12.3 Nucleic Acid Probes Can Label Specific DNA Segments How Do Gene Probes Work? Gene probes work based upon Hybridization Reactions. The hybridization reaction is the process of combining two complementary single-stranded DNA or RNA to form a single double-stranded molecule through base pairing. How a DNA probe tags a gene by base pairing  DNA probes can be used to confirm the presence of a suspected pathogen in patient samples. This diagram illustrates how a DNA probe can be used to search for a gene of interest associated with the suspected pathogen. GENE EDITING  12.5 New Techniques Allow a Specific Gene to Be Edited CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful new technique for gene editing OR gene removal. A particular ‘Cas’ protein called Cas9 is like restriction enzymes in that it cuts double-stranded DNA molecules to which it is directed by a guided molecule of RNA. In addition to knocking out a gene, the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used to edit (or repairing) a gene. Researchers can introduce a segment from the normal (functional) gene along with the Cas9/guide RNA complex to correct the error on DNA. Gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system Gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system CRISPR-Cas9 system Gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system Gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system Gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system IN NEXT LECUTRE; GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMO’S)