Lecture 1: Contemporary and Cross-Cultural Ageing PDF

Week 1 Lecture 1 Ageing, cross-cultural ageing and attitudes to ageing NUR 1402 : Older Adult Health Unit Coordinator: Dr Joyce Muge-Sugutt  Copyright COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA...

Week 1 Lecture 1 Ageing, cross-cultural ageing and attitudes to ageing NUR 1402 : Older Adult Health Unit Coordinator: Dr Joyce Muge-Sugutt  Copyright COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on behalf of EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Module 1 Learning outcomes 1. Discuss the implications of global ageing. 2. Understand contemporary ageing issues and cross-cultural ageing and how this may impact on the care of the ageing population. 3. Explore the biological and psychological theories of ageing. Changing demographics Try This! Try to name three (3) ways that the Australian population will be different in 2050 compared to today?  WHO Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020-2030 WHO Decade of Healthy Ageing (2020-2030) is a global initiative that supports an intersectoral approach to bring together governments, international agencies, civil societies, academia, various health professionals along with the media and private corporations to make healthy ageing a priority on the world’s health agenda (WHO, 2019). The Healthy Ageing Framework (WHO, 2019) provides clear direction for planning and strategies: To help people develop and maintain functional ability as they age, To support physical and mental capacity, and To develop resilience that enables well-being, life satisfaction and fulfillment and enjoyment. Ageism in action Ageism is a process of discriminating and stereotyping older persons because they are old! Ageism is a barrier to many things as a person gets older including good quality health care. We often see ageism in the way we communicate with older people. Often there is a specific language that is used to communicate attitudes and perceptions of older people - communication to older people is often patronizing, depersonalized and disrespectful Ageing- Australian context Current trends and patterns: Older people make up a considerable proportion of Australia’s population - from 1990 life expectancy in Australia increased at a faster rate, In 2009, Australia was ranked 5th globally for highest life expectancy In 2017, there were 3.8 million Australians aged 65 and over By 2057, it is projected there will be 8.8 million older people in Australia By 2097, 12.8 million people (25%) will be aged 65 and over By 2057, it is projected there will be 8.8 million older people in Australia By 2097, 12.8 million people (25%) will be aged 65 and over (ABS 2021) International comparisons International comparisons Australian Trajectories Indigenous People of Australia The Indigenous perspective Remote areas make up about 78% of Australia’s landmass and are home to a large proportion of Indigenous Australians. Older Indigenous Australians who live remotely are at higher risk of many of the determinants associated with ageing poorly. There is a higher incidence of chronic disease, such as heart disease, kidney disease, lung disease and diabetes. Dementia rates are also increasing in this population AIHW 2021  Homelessness In Australia In Australia 2016 : Homeless people were living in boarding houses (27%) Staying temporarily in other households (24%) Homelessness is a growing problem for older Australians Continues to increase over time due to an ageing population Declining rates of home ownership among older people.  Diversity of older Australians Older Australians are a diverse group emanating from many cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Around three out of 10 older Australians were born overseas Two of every 10 older Australians speak a language other than English About 20% of Australians aged over 65 years were born in a non- English speaking country, primarily from -Italy (3%), -Greece (2%) -Germany (1%). -United Kingdom and Ireland (10%)  Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) CALD- describes people who differ in culture and language from the mainstream Australian population In 2021, overseas-born people made up 27% of our population The main religions identified were Christianity (43%), Buddhism (2.4%), Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), and Sikh (1.6%) Family-based care for older people is common in CALD communities and older people from CALD backgrounds were more likely to utilise community aged care services (up to 26%), But less likely to utilise residential aged care services (19%) (Productivity Commission 2021). Gap in Care for CALD population Gaps in Dementia Care Less likely to be diagnosed with dementia due to: - the stigma attached to dementia, - barriers to seeking help - lack of access to health services, - lower dementia literacy Gaps in end-of-life care Culture and religions have a profound influence on a person’s willingness to access palliative / end of life care and approaches to a good death People from Indigenous and CALD communities may not be familiar with, or accept, the Western concept of palliative care.  The Ageing Population of LGBTI Older Australians who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex: have lived through a period of social and cultural transition have likely suffered firsthand stigma, discrimination, criminalisation, family rejection and social isolation. There are very little data regarding the older Australian LGBTI community (ABS 2021) The Ageing Population of LGBTI Cultural competence and cultural safety Nurses need to: participate in developing culturally competent health and social care systems demonstrate culturally competent care for older people be person centred - engage with them in developing, implementing and evaluating care plans and services advocate on their behalf for policy, resources and practice developments to promote healthy ageing. Current health profile of older Australians Theories on ageing Why are theories important? Underpin contemporary ageing and allow for new approaches to practice to be developed. Their relevance to nursing may provide a base of support and guidance on how to care for older persons. Support the care of older persons may be quite different depending on the theoretical perspective taken. Theories on Ageing The three types of ageing theories : -Compression of Morbidity theory -Biological theories of ageing -Psycho-social theories on ageing  1. Compression of Morbidity theory First proposed by Fries in 1998 envisions a prolonged active life and delayed disability for older people who “do the right things”. It is not inevitable that the population must become sick Disability in older people results from three key factors: The impact of chronic disease (especially comorbidity), Lifestyle factors that influence risk of disease and, The biological changes that occur with ageing. 1. Compression of Morbidity theory cont.. Lifestyle factors that can be changed or modified have a very powerful influence and include the following: physical inactivity hypertension obesity high blood cholesterol diabetes poor diet alcohol overuse mental inactivity smoking 2. Biological theories of ageing Ageing brings about the slowing down of many biological and physiological functions Focus on environmental determinants that can act to stimulate cumulative damage across many different body systems Summary – Biological theories of Ageing Psychosocial theories on ageing Three main psychosocial theories on ageing are: 1. Ageing activity theory- participation brings healthy longer life 2. Disengagement theory Based on the idea that ageing is inevitable as it is accompanied by the linear withdrawal of self from society and society from the individual. 3. Continuity theory During middle-age and early older-hood the adaptation to the ‘normal’ ageing process is supported by relying on existing resources and coping strategies Functional Consequence Theory Try This! You are a Health Advisor for the Australian Government. Where would you recommend that most Health funding for Older Australians should be spent for 2020 – 2030? Why? Try This! Try to name three (3) ways that the Australian population will be different in 2050 compared to today? In summary Number of older Australians increasing Need to consider how to keep this cohort healthier longer Limited resources for older adults now and in the future Huge potential for registered nurses to promote health of older adults Any questions References. Australian Bureau of statistics.(2021). Census. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Older Australians. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australians Miller, C. A. (2023). Nursing for wellness in older adults (9th ed). Wolters Kluwer. Vafeas, C., & Slatyer, S. (2021). Gerontological nursing a holistic approach to the care of older people. Elsevier.