Biochemistry 1st Year (STC) PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 INTRODUCTION TERMS: General Chemistry - is the science and MACROMOLECULES study of ma...

BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 INTRODUCTION TERMS: General Chemistry - is the science and MACROMOLECULES study of matter, including its properties, - Are large structures that make up all composition, and reactivity. living organisms. Organic Chemistry - the study of the - "Giant molecules" structure, properties, composition, - Also called as "polymers" reactions, and preparation of - Made of smaller building blocks called carbon-containing compounds. MONOMERS. Inorganic Chemistry - deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and Subunits: monomers (single subunits; binds organometallic compounds. This field together to form "polymers", also known as covers chemical compounds that are not CHAINS of monomers.) carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. + Saccharides mean "SUGAR" Biology - natural science discipline that + Monosaccharides mean "ONE SUGAR" studies living things. It is a very large and + Disaccharides mean "2 SUGAR/ Monosaccharides" broad field due to the wide variety of life found on Earth, so individual biologists Classes of macromolecules: (4) normally focus on specific fields. 1. Carbohydrates (monomers: Cell - basic unit of life. Monosaccharides, "CHO") - Main Eukaryotic Cells - DNA tends to be found energy source of all organisms. The in the nucleus while you can find RNA structural component for many plants both in and out the nucleus. is monomers for carbohydrates. Prokaryotic Cells - Don't have nucleus. 2. Lipids (monomers: Glycerol & Fatty acids, "CHO") - Makes cell membrane Both DNA & RNA are: (3) structure and acts as chemical - Nucleic acid, which are a type of hormones. It's all hydrophobic and it biomolecule. has various functions in living - Have nucleotides organisms. - Has 3 parts: phosphate, sugar, and 3. Proteins (monomers: amino acids, base "CHON") - it's the building blocks of life and is involved in nearly all cellular DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid functions. RNA = Ribonucleic acid 4. Nucleic Acids (monomers:Nucleotides, "CHONP") - It stores, transmit, and Different types of RNA: (3) express genetic information. mRNA = messenger tRNA = transfer rRNA = ribosomal Name: Shane Margaret R. Cimafranca 1 BS Nursing - Block A BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 C6H12O6 (simple sugar) - general chemical LESSON 1: CARBOHYDRATES formula for monosaccharides. That's the combination of how many elements that are CARBOHYDRATES- main energy source present in carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, - The most abundant organic molecules and oxygen). in nature - Provide a significant fraction of the C12H22O11 - general chemical for energy in the diet of most organisms disaccharides. From this formula, it will result - Important source of energy for cells in H2O, also known as water. - Can act as a storage form of energy - Can be structural components of many ➔ SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES : organisms A. MONOSACCHARIDES (C6H12O6): (3) - Can be cell-membrane components 1. Glucose, blood sugar or dextrose. mediating intercellular communication Without this, the body will not function. It can be readily absorbed in The carbohydrates: (3) our cells. 1. Sugar - Primary fuel for the body 2. Starches - Found in all disaccharides & 3. Fibers polysaccharides CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n - general formula Needs to be convert into glucose first before for carbohydrates. it is utilized and used in our cells: (2) 2. Fructose, fruit sugar. ➔ Simple carbohydrates: (2) - Found in fruit, honey, syrup 1. monosaccharides (single sugars unit) - Converts to glucose in the body - Glucose - Fructose 3. Galactose, part of lactose and it's the - Galactose sugar that can be found in milk. 2. disaccharides (double sugar unit) - Maltose B. DISACCHARIDES (C12H22O11)): (3) - Sucrose 1. Sucrose, table sugar - Lactose - Glucose + fructose - Refined from sugar beets & cane ➔ Complex carbohydrates: (1), 3-10 sugars 2. Lactose, milk sugar 1. polysaccharides (many sugars unit) - Glucose + galactose - Glycogen - Lactose intolerant - missing digestive - Starches enzyme needed to split into two - Fibers monosaccharide parts to absorb it. Name: Shane Margaret R. Cimafranca 2 BS Nursing - Block A BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 3. Maltose, Malt sugar - Glucose + glucose ➔ COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES: (1) - Found in germinating seeds and used in A. Polysaccharides: (3) fermentation to produce malted beverages such as beer and whiskey. 1. GLYCOGEN - long chains of glucose found in animals. Stored energy that will be CONDENSATION broken down if wala nay makaon. ❖ Stored in liver & muscles. ❖ Helps maintain blood glucose and is an important source of "quick energy", especially during exercise (lasting only about 12 hours). 2. STARCH - long chains of glucose found in plants. ❖ Cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, etc.), During the chemical bonding, there is a legumes (beans & peas), and root removal of water. During condensation is a vegetables (potatoes, yams). process in which water is removed to create disaccharides. 3. FIBER - mostly indigestible CHO; gums, mucilages, lignin. We can still get energy from HYDROLYSIS fiber but the body can't digest fiber. However, there are animals that can still digest fibers such as goats, cows, and termites. This is due to "rumen microbes" that are capable of digesting fibers. ❖ Component of plant cell walls (cell wall is a polysaccharides). ❖ Classified according to solubility in water. ❖ Abundant in whole grains, legumes, and vegetables. Opposite of condensation. To form maltose to make disaccharides. Its goal is to TYPES OF FIBER: (2) split the chemical bond or disaccharides into a. Insoluble – nonviscous; two, to be absorbed by the individual cell cellulose, lignins through conversion of glucose. It requires b. Soluble – viscous & fermentable; water to break between the chemical bonds. pectins, gums, mucilages Name: Shane Margaret R. Cimafranca 3 BS Nursing - Block A BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 LESSON 2: DIGESTION CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN THE GI TRACT DIGESTION: 2 types digestion: Mechanical - chew, talking, stomach digesting. Chemical - Enzymes involved. 1. Mouth - Salivary amylase, saliva to facilitate easy digestion to break down polysaccharides into disaccharides. 2. Stomach - Fibers and satiety 3. Small intestine, The small intestine releases maltase, which is responsible for breaking down maltose (malt sugar) into glucose (simple sugar). The body uses glucose for energy. During digestion, starch is partially transformed into maltose by amylases. The maltase enzyme then changes maltose into glucose. - Maltase (glucose-glucose) that can ABSORPTION only break down maltose forming. - Sucrase (glucose-fructose) that can only break down sucrose. - Lactase (galactose-glucose) that can only break down lactose. ❖ Pancreas, Pancreatic amylase ❖ Large intestine - fermentation of viscous - Water, gas, short-chain fatty acid production Name: Shane Margaret R. Cimafranca 4 BS Nursing - Block A BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 LESSON 3: METABOLISM CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN THE GI TRACT METABOLISM Glucose in the body Used for energy - fuels most of the body's cells Stored as glycogen - ⅓ in the liver and ⅔ in muscles Made from protein - gluconeogenesis Converted to fat - when in excess of body's needs Constancy of blood glucose: Regulating hormones - maintain glucose homeostasis. 1. Insulin - moves glucose from the blood into cells. It lowers blood sugar to transfer to muscle cells. 2. Glucagon - released by the pancreas to CONSTANCY OF BLOOD GLUCOSE signal the liver to release glucose in the Diabetes (types 1 diabetes) bloodstream. If this does not happen, the Failure of insulin production( Type 2 glucose will not increase which will cause diabetes) hypoglycemia. Those glucose came from muscle and liver. GLYCEMIC INDEX 3. Epinephrine - also known as adrenaline, is released when emergency fuel is needed. Name: Shane Margaret R. Cimafranca 5 BS Nursing - Block A BIOCHEMISTRY PROFESSOR: JUNNEL BAGA STC | FIRST SEMESTER (PRELIMINARY) CODE: 7007 & 7008 Fiber wash out fats in our bloodstream. If it LESSON 4: SUGAR is, the fats will block the blood stream. Health Effects HEALTH EFFECTS OF SUGAR How? Sugar in excess Diets high in complex CHO tend to be: 1. Contains no nutients and may contribute to 1. Lower in fat and calories malnutrition. 2. Higher in fiber, vitamins, & minerals 2. Causes dental caries (tooth decay). 3. Does not cause, but can contribute to: obesity, diabetes, heart disease, & LESSON 5: FIBERS behavioral problems. A. Soluble Fibers PS. malnutrition pa rin ang obese, kasi mali ang Lower blood cholesterol by binding dietary "mal". cholesterol so less absorbed Slow glucose absorption Accusations against sugar: (4) Slow transit of food through upper GI 1. Sugar causes obesity tract 2. Sugar causes heart disease Holds moisture in stools, softening them 3. Sugar causes misbehavior in children Lower risk of heart disease and criminal behavior in adults Lower risk of diabetes 4. Sugar causes cravings and addictions Gums & mucilages, pectins, psyllium serotonin Sources: Recommended intake of sugars: Whole-grains, fruits, legumes, seeds and > DRI husks, vegetables - No more than 25% of total daily Extracted and used as food additives energy intake - Limit added sugars to