Lecture 1 Anatomy (Davmar College of Health Sciences)

DAVMAR COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND RESEARCH MR.D.W.PHIRI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOY INTRODUCTION (1101) LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND BODY SYSTEMS  OBJECTIVES Define anatomy and physiology, to name several branches of these sciences. Describe the body’s six levels of structural org...

DAVMAR COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND RESEARCH MR.D.W.PHIRI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOY INTRODUCTION (1101) LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND BODY SYSTEMS  OBJECTIVES Define anatomy and physiology, to name several branches of these sciences. Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization. List the 11 systems of the human body, and organs present in each, and their general functions.  Anatomy and Physiology  Two branches of science—anatomy and physiology—provide the foundation for understanding the body’s parts and functions.  The word Anatomy is divided into 2 (ana- up; -tomy process of cutting)  ANATOMY is the study of body structure, which includes size ,shape, composition and perhaps even coloration.  ANATOMY is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.  It was first studied by dissection [act of cutting], the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.  Today, a variety of imaging techniques also contribute to the advancement of anatomical knowledge  Anatomy deals with structures of the body.  Anatomy and Physiology  PHYSIOLOGY is the science of body functions, it deals with how the body parts work  It is the study of how the body function.  physiology includes the study of what they do and how they do it  For example, red blood cells contain the mineral iron in molecules of the protein called hemoglobin; this is an aspect of their anatomy.  The presence of iron enables red blood cells to carry oxygen, which is their function  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY is the of disorders of functioning.  knowledge of normal physiology makes such disorders easier to understand  LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND BODY SYSTEMS  The human body is organized into structural and functional levels of increasing complexity.  Your exploration of the human body will extend from atoms and molecules to the whole person  beginning with the simplest level which is the chemical level, and proceeding to cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organism.  The human function starts from a chemical reaction  CHEMICAL LEVEL  This is a very basic level which includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions,  and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.  Certain atoms, such as  carbon (C),  hydrogen (H),  oxygen (O),  nitrogen (N),  phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)  Are essential for maintaining life  CHEMICAL LEVEL  The chemicals that make up the body can be divided into two major categories: inorganic and organic chemicals.  Inorganic chemicals are usually simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon,  examples of inorganic chemicals are water (H2O), oxygen (O2) and minerals such as iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na).  Organic chemicals are often very complex and always contain elements carbon and hydrogen.  Organic chemicals are carbohydrates, fats, protein and amino acids.  CHEMICAL LEVEL Two familiar molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the genetic material passed from one generation to the next, and glucose, commonly known as blood sugar  CELLULAR LEVEL  Cells are the smallest living units of a structure and function  Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.  There are many different types of human cells, though all have similarities  Among the many kinds of cells in your body are muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.  Each cell is made up of chemicals and carries out specific chemical reactions  TISSUE LEVEL  A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function. There are four basic types of tissues:  There are just four basic types of tissues in your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.  1.Epithelial tissues- Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands, which are capable of producing secretion with specific functions.  The outer layer of the skin and sweat glands are examples of epithelial tissues  Internal epithelial tissues includes the walls of capillaries (squamous epithelial) and the kidney tubules (cuboidal epithelium).  TISSUE LEVEL  2.Connective tissues (CT) – connect, support and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.  Some transport or store materials. Blood, bone, cartilage and adipose tissue are examples.  3.Muscle tissues- specialized for contraction, which brings about movements as well as generate heat.  Examples are skeletal muscles and heart muscles.  4.Nerve tissues- specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulates body functions, the brain and optic nerves are examples.  ORGAN LEVEL  At the organ level different types of tissues are joined together.  An organ is a group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions.  Examples of organ are the kidneys, stomach, liver, heart etc.  The kidneys contain several kinds of epithelial, or surface tissues, for their work of absorption.  The stomach is lined with epithelial tissues that secretes gastric juice for digestion  ORGAN SYSTEMS OR SYSTEMS LEVEL  An organ system is a group of organs that all tribute to a particular function  A system consists of related organs an example of the system level, also called the organ system level, is the digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food.  Its organs include the mouth;  salivary glands,  pharynx (throat),  esophagus (food tube),  stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.  ORGAN SYSTEMS OR SYSTEMS LEVEL  Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system.  The urinary system which consists of the;  kidneys,  ureters,  urinary bladder, and the urethra.  These organs all tributes to the formation and elimination of urine. Organismal level Organismal level, All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION  BRANCH OF ANATOMY  Embryology The first eight weeks of development after fertilization  Developmental biology The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.  Cell biology Cellular structure and functions.  Histology Microscopic structure of tissues.  Pathological anatomy Structural changes associated with disease.  BRANCH OF ANATOMY  Gross anatomy Structures that can be examined without a microscope.  Systemic anatomy Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.  Regional anatomy Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.  Surface anatomy Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).  Imaging anatomy Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans.  BRANCHES OF PHYSIOLOGY  Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve cells. (neuro- nerve)  Endocrinology Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.  Cardiovascular physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels.  cardio- heart; vascular blood vessels)  Immunology The body’s defenses against disease-causing agent  BRANCHES OF PHYSIOLOGY  Respiratory physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs.  Renal physiology Functions of the kidneys.  Exercise physiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.  Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease and aging. THE END