Lec 2_ Intro to Energy & Sustainability PDF

Section 1 - Introduction to Energy and Sustainability Professor Tian Li School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University 1-1 Outline Energy Definitions and Forms of Energy Heat, Light, Motion, Electrical, Chemical, Gravitational Po...

Section 1 - Introduction to Energy and Sustainability Professor Tian Li School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University 1-1 Outline Energy Definitions and Forms of Energy Heat, Light, Motion, Electrical, Chemical, Gravitational Potential (Stored) Energy vs. Kinetic (Working) Energy Energy Conversion and Sources Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Energy Conservation of Energy (Closed System) Example Energy Contents by Source Emission/Absorption Spectrum Energy Sources and Conversion Processes Overview of Energy Consumption World and U.S. Energy Consumption Primary Energy Consumption Breakdown Energy Use Definitions Energy Efficiencies (Device and Chained Efficiencies) Example of Power Use/Generation Practical Power Cycle Efficiencies 1-2 Outline Overview of Fossil-Fuel Resources Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Reserves and Production Proven vs. Unproven Reserves Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels Global Warming and Carbon Emissions Fossil Fuel Peak and Sustainability Concerns Sustainable/Renewable Energy Global Challenges and Energy Transitions Renewable Energy Sources Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass Sustainable Energy Technologies Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Nuclear, Energy Efficiency Policies and Agreements Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement U.S. Clean Power Plan and Federal Sustainability Plan 1-3 What is energy? There are many different forms of energy, including: Heat Light Motion Electrical Chemical Gravitational These forms of energy can be grouped into two general types of energy for doing work: Potential or stored energy Kinetic or working energy Energy can be converted from one form to another. Energy sources can be categorized as renewable or nonrenewable There are many different sources of energy, which can be divided into two basic categories: Renewable energy sources that can be easily replenished Nonrenewable energy sources that cannot be easily replenished 1-4 Conservation of Energy (Closed System) Δ𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 where E = U + PE + KE = “energy” of the system U = internal energy (captures microscopic forms of energy: kinetic and potential energy of molecules) PE = mgz = potential energy of system in a gravitational field KE = ½mv2 = kinetic energy of system Q = heat transfer to the system W = work produced by system 1-5 Example Energy Contents Source Energy Max. Energy Comments Type “Content” Wind Kinetic Energy 1 air velocity relative to ሶ ሶ 2 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 fixed point on earth Hydroelectric Potential Energy height relative to 𝐸ሶ = 𝑚𝑔𝑧 ሶ bottom of waterfalls Temperature Sensible Temperature relative Δ𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇𝑠 Change to source or sink (Ts) Phase Change Latent Δ𝐸 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑢𝑠𝑙 Solid → liquid Δ𝐸 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑢𝑓𝑔 Liquid → vapor Combustion Chemical Heating value 𝐸ሶ = 𝑚ሶ ∙ 𝐻𝐻𝑉 depends on fuel Fission Nuclear Conversion between 𝐸 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐2 mass and energy 1-6 1-7 Photosynthesis, Decomposition, Respiration and Combustion. Carbon cycles from the atmosphere into plants and living things.1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 Report by the European Academies’ Science Advisory Council (EASAC) Senior scientists from across Europe have evaluated the potential contribution of negative emission technologies (NETs) to allow humanity to meet the Paris Agreement’s targets of avoiding dangerous climate change. 1-12 Emission/Absorption Spectrum 1-13  Energy Sources and Conversion Processes Photo-synthesis Renewable Solar Sources Biomass Photovoltaic Fuels Ocean Direct Wind, Hydro, Thermal Thermal Waves, Tidal Conversions Chemical Energy Electro-Chemical Heat Mechanical Work Electricity Nuclear Renewable Sources Fossil Non- Fission / End Uses: Buildings, Fuels Geothermal Fusion Transportation, Industrial Geothermal is renewable? Or non- renewable 1-14 Example Power Use/Generation Producer/User Power Bright Incandescent Light Bulb 100 W = 0.1 kW Exercising Human 0.1 kW 1 m2 Photovoltaic Cell (15% efficiency) 0.15 kW Draft Horse 1 kW Portable Floor Heater 1.5 kW Automobile 100 – 160 kW Boeing 747 250,000 kW Large Coal-Fired Power Plant Capacity 1 GW electricity Niagara Falls, Hydroelectric Plant 2 GW electricity Space Shuttle on Launch 14 GW Average World Electric Power Usage (2018) 1 ~3,000 GW Average World Primary Energy Usage (2018)2 18,800 GW (550 Quad/year) Photosynthesis on Earth 90,000 GW Rate of Solar Energy Striking Earth 165,000,000 GW 1 – IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 (https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019/electricity) 2 – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 1-15  Energy Units MWy = Megawatt-years; bbls = barrels; tonnes = metric tons = 1000 kg; MCF = 1000 ft 3; EJ = exajoules; Assumed calorific values: oil – 10,180 cal/g; coal – 7,000 cal/g; gas – 1000 Btu/ft3 at std. condtions 1-16  Energy Units MWy = Megawatt-years; bbls = barrels; tonnes = metric tons = 1000 kg; MCF = 1000 ft 3; EJ = exajoules; Assumed calorific values: oil – 10,180 cal/g; coal – 7,000 cal/g; gas – 1000 Btu/ft3 at std. condtions 1-17 Energy Use Definitions ◼ Delivered Energy: energy consumed by an end-user on site (not including any generation or transmission losses) ◼ Primary Energy: source energy content associated with delivered energy; prior to transformation of a raw fuel ❑ Heating from Fossil-Fuels : Energy content of fuel source necessary to provide heating (includes combustion & heat transfer inefficiencies) ❑ Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels: Energy content of fuel source necessary to provide delivered electricity (includes power plant and transmission efficiencies) ❑ Electricity Production from Nuclear: Energy content of nuclear source necessary to provide delivered electricity (includes power plant and transmission efficiencies) ❑ Electricity Production from Renewable Sources (Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric,..): Converted to equivalent source energy associated with fossil-fueled plant ❑ Transportation from Liquid Fuels: Energy content of resource (oil) prior to processing to gasoline, diesel, etc. ◼ Life-Cycle Energy: Primary energy use associated with the life of a product (materials, manufacture, delivery, operation, disposal) 1-18  Energy Efficiencies 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 ◼ Device Efficiency: 𝜂= 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ◼ Chained Efficiencies: Natural Gas Power Plant Transmission Light 𝜂𝑃 = 0.40 𝜂𝑇 = 0.9 𝜂𝐿 = 0.1 Overall Efficiency Chemical to Light Energy 𝜂𝑂 = 𝜂𝑃 ∙ 𝜂 𝑇 ∙ 𝜂𝐿 = 0.036 1-19  Example Efficiencies Conversion Energies Efficiencies (%) Electric resistance heat e→t 99 - 100 Large electricity generators m→e 98 - 99 Large power plant boilers c→t 90 - 98 Large electric motors e→m 90 - 97 High efficiency home natural gas furnaces c→t 90 - 96 Large steam power cycle t→m 40 - 45 Large gas turbine engines c→m 35 - 40 Diesel engines c→m 30 - 35 Best photovoltaic cells r→e 20 - 30 Gasoline engines c→m 15 - 25 Fluorescent lights e→r 10 - 12 Peak field photosynthesis r→c 4-5 Incandescent lights e→r 2-5 Global photosynthetic mean r→c 0.3 c = chemical, e = electrical, m = mechanical, r = radiant, t = thermal Adapted from Smil (1998) 1-20  Electric vs. Natural Gas Heating Natural Gas 𝑄𝐸𝐹 Power Plant Transmission Elec. Furnace Heating Load 𝜂𝑃 = 0.40 𝜂𝑇 = 0.9 𝜂𝐸𝐹 = 1 𝑄𝐸𝐹 𝜂𝑂 = = 𝜂𝑃 ∙ 𝜂 𝑇 ∙ 𝜂𝐸𝐹 = 0.36 𝑚𝑁𝐺 ∙ 𝐻𝑉𝑁𝐺 Natural Gas 𝑄𝐺𝐹 𝑄𝐺𝐹 𝜂𝑂 = 𝜂𝐺𝐹 = = 0.9 𝑚𝑁𝐺 ∙𝐻𝑉𝑁𝐺 Gas Furnace Heating Load 1-21  Heat Pump Example 𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 Natural Gas 𝑊ℎ𝑝 𝑄ℎ𝑝 Power Plant Transmission Heat Pump Heating Load 𝑄ℎ𝑝 𝜂𝑃 = 0.4 𝜂𝑇 = 0.9 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = 2.5 𝑊ℎ𝑝 𝑄ℎ𝑝 𝜂𝑂 = = 𝜂𝑃 ∙ 𝜂 𝑇 ∙ 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 0.9 𝑚𝑁𝐺 ∙𝐻𝑉𝑁𝐺 1-22  Fuel Extraction/Processing Efficiencies Feedstock Fuel Energy Fuel Processing Processing Energy EROI of Selected Fuels Energy Return on Investments Crude Oil (1930) 100:1 Crude Oil (2000) 20:1 fuel product output Coal (1950) 100:1 EROI= Coal (2000) 80:1 processing energy Gasoline 8:1 Corn ethanol 1.2:1 Oil Shale 3:1 Coal Liquefaction 2:1 From Cleveland, C. J., Energy, 30, 769-782, 2005 1-23 Quality of Energy ◼ If energy is conserved ❑ How can we ever run out? ◼ Would you prefer 1 kWh of work or 1 kWh of heat? ◼ How about 1 kWh water at 80 oC vs. 1 kWh water at 50 oC? ◼ 2nd Law Concepts ❑ Work can theoretically be converted to heat completely ❑ Heat cannot be converted back to work without loss ❑ Heat is a lower quality of energy than work ❑ As temperature decreases, heat becomes less useful 1-24 Power Cycle Efficiency Limits 1st Law Efficiency Source @ TH QH 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝐿 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =1− 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 HE Wnet Maximum Possible 1st Law Efficiency QL Sink @ TL 𝑇𝐿 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑣 =1− 𝑇𝐻 𝜂𝑡ℎ 2nd Law Efficiency 𝜀= 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑣 1-25 Practical Power Cycle Efficiencies 1-26 Thoughts on Energy Quality ◼ Use high-quality thermal energy (e.g., fossil fuels) for work production (transportation, electricity) ❑ High thermal efficiencies ❑ Work can be utilized for a variety of applications (including heat pump heating) ◼ Use low-quality temperature thermal energy (e.g., solar heating, waste heat from local power production (CHP), ambient with heat pumps) for heating ◼ Renewables have much lower power densities (larger size per unit energy produced) than conventional (e.g., fossil fuel) sources ❑ higher initial costs requiring payback periods (both $ and input energy needed to produce devices) 1-27 Overview of Energy Consumption ◼ World energy consumption ◼ U.S. energy consumption by end use ◼ U.S. energy consumption by source 1-28  World Primary Energy Consumption ◼ World energy consumption ◼ quadrillion British thermal units 1,000 history projections non-OECD 800 600 400 200 OECD 0 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) member countries are the United States, Canada, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. For statistical reporting purposes, Israel is included in OECD Europe. U.S. Energy Information Administration | International Energy Outlook (https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/) 1-29 Primary Energy Consumption Breakdown https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/world 1-30 Primary Energy Consumption per Capita https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/world 1-31 Primary Energy Consumption per GDP https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/world 1-32  World Primary Energy Sources Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-33  World Energy Use by Sector International Energy Agency (https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics) 1-34 Comments on World Consumption ◼ Energy consumption is highly dependent ◼ Oil (transportation), coal (electricity production), and natural gas (heating and power) are the predominant energy sources ◼ Large differences in energy sources utilized in different parts of the world 1-35  U.S. Primary Energy by End-Use Sector http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-36 http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-37  U.S. Primary Energy for Power Sector http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-38  End-Use Energy for Residential http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-39  End-Use Energy for Commercial http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-40  End-Use Energy for Industrial http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-41  Primary Energy for Transportation http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-42  U.S. Consumption vs. Production http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-43  U.S. Energy Production Trends http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm 1-44 Comments on U.S. Consumption ◼ Buildings represent the largest end-use sector (41% of primary energy usage) ❑ A large part of primary energy use in buildings is due to electricity consumption ◼ Dramatic recent transition from coal to natural gas for power production ◼ Renewable energy sources include hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and solar (recent growth due to wind and solar) 1-45 Overview of Fossil-Fuel Resources ◼ Oil reserves and production ◼ Natural gas reserves and production ◼ Coal reserves and production 1-46  Proven vs. Unproven Reserves ◼ Proven: 90% probability of being recoverable under existing economic & political conditions, with existing technology ◼ Probable: 50% probability of recovery Example showing a 95% chance (i.e., probability, F95) of at least volume V1 of economically recoverable oil, and there is a 5% chance (F05) of at least volume V2 of economically recoverable oil. 5-47 Oil Reserves and Production 1-48  Proven Oil Reserves Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-49  Oil Production and Consumption Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-50  Oil Reserves-to-Production Ratios Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-51  Oil consumption per capita Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-52  Major oil trade movements Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, BP 1-53  Chart of crude oil prices since 1861 Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, BP 1-54 Natural Gas Reserves and Production 1-55  Proven natural gas reserves Distribution of proved gas reserves: 1999, 2009 and 2019 Percentage Statistical Review of World Energy 2020, BP 1-56  Natural gas production & consumption Gas production/consumption by region Billion cubic metres Production by region Consumption by region Statistical Review of World Energy 2020, BP 1-57  Natural gas R/P ratios Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-58  Natural gas consumption per capita Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-59  Major natural gas trade movements Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-60  Natural gas prices Gas prices $/mmBtu Statistical Review of World Energy 2020, BP 1-61 Coal Reserves, Production, Prices 1-62  Proven coal reserves Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-63  Coal production and consumption Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-64  Coal R/P ratios Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, BP 1-65  Coal consumption per capita Statistical Review of World Energy 2013, BP 1-66 Coal Prices Statistical Review of World Energy 2020, BP 1-67  Are we approaching a fossil fuel peak? https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels 1-68 Comments on Fossil Fuels ◼ Eventually prices will increase dramatically as demand grows & supplies dwindle ❑ will lead to slower consumption and utilization of alternatives ❑ we’re not close to this situation yet ◼ Concerns over environmental impacts (i.e., global warming) may have a more near-term effect on driving a transition to other energy sources leading to ❑ Legislation/rules that encourage alternative sources, such as ◼ Limits on CO2 production (e.g., CPP for electricity production) ◼ Financial incentives (e.g., solar/wind tax credits) ◼ Carbon taxes ◼ Energy efficiency standards (e.g., CAFÉ) that fundamentally change technologies that are cost effective (e.g., electric vehicles, building integrated photovoltaic,..) ❑ Growing social awareness/responsibility by producers & consumers 1-69 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels Extraction and Transportation Impacts Fuel Some Environmental Impacts Coal Lung damage, mining accidents Oil Oil spills Natural Gas Pipeline explosions Impacts of Combustion Products Combustion Product Environmental Impacts Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitric Oxide Acid rain; Smog (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Stratospheric ozone depletion Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Global warming (greenhouse gas) 1-70 Global Warming Global mean surface temperature difference from the average for 1951–1980 http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/ 1-71  Global Warming Variations http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/ 1-72 Global Warming – Arctic Sea Ice http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/ 1-73 Global Warming – Sea Level Change http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/ 1-74  Carbon Cycle http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/carbon_cycle4.php 1-75  Carbon Cycle http://www.whrc.org/carbon/index.htm (one Pg [petagram]=one billion metric tonnes=1000 x one billion kg) 1-76  Historical Atmospheric CO2 Trends http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/ 1-77  Recent CO2 Trends http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/ 1-78 Global Carbon Emissions https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions 1-79 Global Manmade Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2013 https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/ 1-80 Global Manmade Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 2015 https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/ 1-81 Fossil fuels originated from decay of living organism millions of years ago Large dependence on fossil fuels: account for 80% of the energy generated in US. Uses 24% of energy with 4.6% population. Coal is cheaper, gas is cleaner, oil has high quality 1-83 1-84 Kyoto Protocol ◼ Treaty signed in 1998 with emission targets for industrialized countries between 2008-2012 to be collectively about 5% lower than 1990 emissions ◼ Originally signed by 193 countries ◼ US target was 7% reduction, but U.S. did not ratify the treaty ◼ Developing countries did not have quantified targets ❑ six gases ◼ CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 ❑ CO2 reductions nearly met in countries with binding targets ❑ CO2 emissions grew rapidly in developing countries not having targets ❑ Amendment for 2012-2020 with 2nd round targets; only 37 countries with binding targets 1-85 Paris Agreement ◼ Follow on to Kyoto Protocol ◼ Developed within United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) ◼ Approved by 189 countries ◼ No individual emission targets ❑ each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming ◼ U.S. to formally withdraw from the agreement by November 2020 1-86  U.S. Officially Rejoins Paris Agreement On Climate Change in 2021 Keep below 1.5 degrees Celsius warming Build Resilience 1-87 U.S. Clean Power Plan (CPP) ◼ EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) rules developed during Obama administration to regulate CO2 emissions based on the 1963 Clean Air Act ◼ States would have to reduce total CO 2 emissions from power plants by 32% from 2005 levels by 2030 ◼ States would come up with their own plans for meeting the targets ◼ Rules repealed during the Trump administration 1-88  The Federal Sustainability Plan Reduce carbon emissions by 65% by 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, as the science demands. https://www.sustainability.gov/federalsustainabilityplan/index.html 1-89  Example: Net Zero Buildings ◼ Energy technologies ◼ Materials innovation ◼ equipment, heating/cooling units, windows, insulation, structural components ◼ Parameters to consider: efficiency, carbon storage, economics, life cycle 1-91 Sustainable/Renewable Energy 1-92  Sustainability ◼ “… meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland Commission, 1987) Sustainability 1-93 Global Challenges ◼ Much of the world still lives in poverty ❑ 2 billion people subsist on less than $2 a day ❑ 2.5 billion people live without proper sanitation facilities ◼ Large global economic shifts ❑ Manufacturing moves to where there is low-cost, skilled labor ❑ Energy consumption grows with GNP ◼ Must find ways to reduce impact on environment ❑ Energy efficiency --> slow rate of increase in energy consumption ❑ Use of renewable energy sources → move away from fossil fuels ❑ Sequestration → carbon capture 1-94 Energy Transitions Coal 1-95 Renewable Sources World Primary Energy Use (2012) ~580 EJ/yr (580x1018 J/yr) Fossil Fuels1 Fuel Proven Reserves (EJ) Oil 9,848 Natural Gas 7,289 Coal 26,122 1 = BP (2015) Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004) 1-96 Solar PV Needed to Exceed Current Energy Demand 6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each = 20 Twe (assuming 10% overall efficiency for generation, distribution, and storage) The terawatt (TW) is equal to one trillion (1012) watts. Slide from Nate Lewis @ Cal. Tech 1-97 Global Renewable Energy Trends https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy 1-98 Reasons for Renewable Energy ◼ Declining Fossil Fuel Supplies ❑ Increasing costs ◼ Environmental Concerns ❑ Global warming ◼ Political Concerns ❑ Reducing dependence on foreign sources ◼ Business Opportunities ◼ … 1-99 Sustainable Energy ◼ Renewable ◼ Sustainable ❑ Hydro Power ❑ Hydrogen & Fuel Cells ❑ Wind Energy ❑ Nuclear ❑ Oceanic Energy ❑ Fossil Fuel Innovation ❑ Solar Power ❑ Energy ❑ Geothermal Efficiency/Recovery ❑ Biomass ❑ Integration ◼ Distributed Generation ◼ Co-generation 1-100