Hemopoiesis Lecture Notes PDF

Erbil Technical Health and Medical College Medical Laboratory Technology Department Module Name: Clinical Hematology Module Code: CHE705 4th Stage- Semester 7 Lecture 2 Hemopoiesis Ashqi M. Kareem ashqi.mohammed...

Erbil Technical Health and Medical College Medical Laboratory Technology Department Module Name: Clinical Hematology Module Code: CHE705 4th Stage- Semester 7 Lecture 2 Hemopoiesis Ashqi M. Kareem [email protected] 22, Sep, 2024  Outline 1 Hemopoiesis 2 Sites of Haemopoiesis 3 Key Regulators of 4 Stem Cells 5 Classification Hempopoiesis of Stem Cells 6 How Can Diagnose Stem Cells 2 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lab, you will be able to: Compare between myeloid and lymphoid lineages Explain hematopoiesis and the role of growth factors like EPO Define hematopoiesis and list the blood cell types and locations of production 3 Hemopoiesis from pluripotent stem cells to mature, differentiated, cellular effectors of immunity and more. Hematopoiesis is the process of the body continuously producing new blood cells to replace old ones, ensuring a steady blood supply throughout life. 4 Sites of Haemopoiesis Yolk sac Liver and Spleen Bone marrow Gradual replacement of active (red) marrow by inactive (fatty) tissue Expansion can occur during increased need for cell production 5  Key Regulators of Hempopoiesis Hematopoiesis is tightly regulated by a complex network of growth factors, cytokines, and signaling molecules that ensure the balance of different blood cell types. Key regulators include: 1- Erythropoietin (EPO): Stimulates red blood cell production. 2- Thrombopoietin (TPO): Promotes platelet production. 3-Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF): Stimulates neutrophil production. 4- Interleukins (IL-3, IL-5, IL-7): Regulate the differentiation of various blood cells, including lymphocytes. 6 Hemopoiesis Schematic Representation 7  Video Link https://www.google.com/search 8 STEM CELLS Stem cells are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. -Features of stem cells: 1. replicate 2. proliferate 3. differentiate 9 Classification of Stem Cells 1- Totipotent: These stem cells can differentiate into all possible cell types. Like the first few cells that appear as zygote starts to divide. 2- Pluripotent: These cells can turn into almost any cell. Ex: Cells from the early embryo. 3- Multipotent: These cells can differentiate into a closely related family of cells. Adult hematopoietic stem cells, for Ex: can become RBC, WBC or platelets. 4- Oligopotent: These can differentiate into a few different cell types. Adult lymphoid or myeloid stem cells can do this. 5- Unipotent: Can only produce cells of one kind, which is their own type. Are still stem cells because they can renew themselves. Ex: adult muscle stem cells. 10  How Can Diagnose Stem Cells 1- Flow cytometry: Uses fluorescent antibodies to detect HSC surface markers like CD34, CD38−, and CD133+ 2- Alkaline Phosphatase Assay: Detects enzyme activity commonly associated with pluripotent stem cells. 3- Western blots: Detects HSC-specific proteins using antibodies to markers like CD34 or transcription factors 4- Karyotyping: Checks for chromosomal stability to ensure genetic integrity in stem cells. 11  How Can Diagnose Stem Cells 5- qPCR (Quantitative PCR): Quantifies the expression of HSC- specific genes like CD34 and GATA2. 6- Bone Marrow Engraftment Assay (In Vivo): Transplants HSCs into mice to assess their ability to reconstitute blood cell lineages 7- Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-seq): Analyzes gene expression in individual HSCs to study heterogeneity and differentiation. 8- Immunocytochemistry (ICC): Stains cells with antibodies targeting stem cell markers such as OCT4, SOX2, SSEA-4, or CD34 12 Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation 13