Learning and Education Lecture PDF

Learning and Education (‫(التعلُم والتعليم‬ Lecture (1) LS120 — Fall 2023 Dr. Halima Daw Buni Assistance Professor in Community Medicine Learning Objectives  By the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Define learning & its characteristics 2. Define education & its characteristics 3. Expla...

Learning and Education (‫(التعلُم والتعليم‬ Lecture (1) LS120 — Fall 2023 Dr. Halima Daw Buni Assistance Professor in Community Medicine Learning Objectives  By the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Define learning & its characteristics 2. Define education & its characteristics 3. Explain the main differences between learning & education Definition of Learning:  Generally, learning is defined as “a process of behavior modification (‫ )تعديل السلوك‬through experiences, exercise and efforts” (‫)الخبرات و الممارسات والجهود‬.  However, there are many definitions of learning given by various psychologists/educationists: Definition of learning: cont’d… 1. Hurlock (1942) definition: Learning is “a development that comes from exercise and effort”. 2. Woodworth (1945) definition : “Any activity can be called learning if it develops the individual (in any respect, good or bad) and makes him alter behavior and experiences different from what they would otherwise have been”. Definition of learning: cont’d… 3. Murphy (1968) definition: The term learning covers “every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements”. 4. Hilgard, Atkinson and Atkinson (1979) definition: Learning is defined as “a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of reinforced practice or experience” )‫)تغيير دائم نسبيًا في السلوك يحدث نتيجة للممارسة أو الخبرة المعززة‬ Definition of learning: cont’d…  If we examine these definitions carefully, particularly focusing on the underlined portion of the definitions, we may conclude that: Definitions of learning: Analysis  As an individual grows s/he has to make certain adjustments in various situations of life. Therefore, s/he has to acquire various habits, knowledge, attitudes and skills, etc. The acquisition of all those is called ‘learning’.  This means that: 1. Learning is a change in behavior as a result of experiences. 2. Learning is not acquired by birth, but it is the process of acquiring competence by using hereditary resources. 3. Temporary change in behavior is not learning. Definitions of learning: Analysis—cont’d… 4. Not only the positive (good) modification of behavior is learning but even negative (bad) behavioral modification comes under learning’. i.e., learning leads to change in behavior but this does not necessarily mean that these changes always bring about improvement or positive development. What is Education?  You are, most likely, familiar with the term ‘education’, ‘educated person’ ‘educating’ and so on.  You must have also used these terms on several occasions.  What do we mean by education?  Does ‘teaching’ or ‘instructing’ become education?  Or is it learning in an institution?  Is it possible to have one meaning of education? Definitions and views on Education  Through different periods of human civilization. Education of a human being is, perhaps the most valued goal of any human civilization that ever existed.  The term ‘education’ has been interpreted by different specialties in different ways  Education doesn’t have one precise universally accepted definition. The search for an all-comprehensive definition of education is still continuing Definitions and views on Education: Etymological definition (‫)المعنى االشتقاقي‬  The word education is derived from the Latin words: 1. ‘educare’: means ‘to raise and to bring up’. 2. ‘Educere’: means ‘to lead forth or to come out’. 3. ‘Educatum’: means ‘the act of teaching or training’.  The meanings of these root words indicate that education aims to provide a nourishing environment that would facilitate or bring out and develop the potentialities in an individual. )‫)يهدف التعليم إلى توفير بيئة مغذية من شأنها تسهيل أو إبراز وتطوير اإلمكانات لدى الفرد‬ Definitions and views on Education: cont’d… 2. According to Bamisaiye (1989), Education is “ a cumulative process of development of intellectual abilities, skills and attitudes, all of which form our various views, personalities, and dispositions to action in life generally” )‫ والتي تشكل جميعها وجهات نظرنا وشخصياتنا وميولنا المتنوعة للعمل في الحياة بشكل عام‬،‫(التعليم هوعملية تراكمية لتنمية القدرات الفكرية والمهارات واالتجاهات‬ Definitions and views on Education: cont’d…  To sum up: 1) Education deals with the total process of human learning by which institutions are trained, knowledge is taught, and different skills are developed. 2) Education is a dynamic instrument of positive change & development. 3) Education is expected to affect the social behavior of the person being educated. 4) Education is a life-long process which is always used to imply a positive state of mind.  Now, can you differentiate between learning and education ? Learning VS Education: Comparison chart (1) Basis for comparison Learning Education Meaning “a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of reinforced practice or experience” Type of Process Guidance Natural Process (Informal) May or may not be required “ a cumulative process of development of intellectual abilities, skills and attitudes, all of which form our various views, personalities and dispositions to action in life generally” Institutional Process (Formal) Required Elicited by Intrinsic Motivation (individual himself) To regulate future actions and develop new knowledge. Extrinsic Motivation (external agents) To bring certain desirable changes in the behavior of the student. Purpose Learning VS Education: Comparison chart (2) Basis for comparison Learning Education Nature of Process Unsystematic: one can learn by simply observing and connecting the experiences. Systematic: provided through a planned and formally designed curriculum by the experts, through the educational institution. Age-factor Learning is a life long process: Can be limited to a number of i.e. even at the age of 90 years, one years. can learn many skills BUT Persons of different age groups can enroll themselves to get education. Conformity (compliance with standards, rules, or laws) Does not work as a mechanism for Can work as a mechanism for conformity conformity Conclusion  Learning is a process, that has a crucial role to play in shaping the structure of behavior of the individual.  As against, education is a formal system of learning which aims at maximizing the all-inclusive development (‫ )التنمية الشاملة‬of the individual. Bibliography: 1. Accelerated learning skills for students, Joe Mccullough. 2. Make it stick, Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel. 3. How we learn, Benedict Carey. 4. Basics in Education textbook. National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2014. 1st edition 5. Bhatia, K. & Bhatia, B. D. (1992). Theory and principles of education (20th ed. J. Ddhi: Doaba House. PP. 258-266. 6. ‫ سالم علي الغرابية‬,‫مهارات التفكير وأساليب التعلم‬ 7. ‫ هشام سعيد الحالق‬,‫ مهارات تستحق التعلم‬,‫التفكير اإلبداعي‬ 8. ‫ محمد أحمد غزالة‬,‫ أحمد حسن القواسمة‬,‫تنمية مهارات التعلم والتفكير والبحث العلمي‬ 9. Problem based learning in medicine, Tim David, Leena Patel, Leith Burdett, Patangi Rangachari. 1st edition. Dr. Halima Buni