Pathophysiology Fundamentals (I) PDF

8/11/24, 9:42 PM Learning content: LQB285_24se2 Pathophysiology for Health Professionals Your progress was restored  Start over  Pathophysiology fundamentals (I) Cellular adaptati...

8/11/24, 9:42 PM Learning content: LQB285_24se2 Pathophysiology for Health Professionals Your progress was restored  Start over  Pathophysiology fundamentals (I) Cellular adaptation Cellular injury Cellular degeneration and aging UNDERSTANDING CELLS Cells are the smallest living components and basic building blocks of organisms, forming tissues and organs that integrate into body systems. Cells encounter challenges like stressors and diseases throughout their lifespan, affecting their normal function. Cells respond to stress by using reserves to continue functioning or adapting through changes such as: Atrophy (size reduction) Hypertrophy (size increase) Hyperplasia (cell number increase) Metaplasia (cell type replacement), Dysplasia (abnormal growth). https://canvas.qut.edu.au/courses/17749/pages/learning-content?module_item_id=1719349 1/3 8/11/24, 9:42 PM Learning content: LQB285_24se2 Pathophysiology for Health Professionals CELL INJURY Cell injury, reflecting wellness or disease, can result from biochemical lesions and be influenced by toxins, infections, or physical and deficit injuries. Toxic injury: Caused by internal (endogenous) factors like metabolic errors or external (exogenous) factors like drugs and alcohol. Infectious injury: Caused by agents like viruses and bacteria, often disrupting cell synthesis. Physical injury: Results from thermal (e.g., radiation) or mechanical (e.g., trauma) disruptions. Deficit injury: Occurs due to deficits in water, oxygen, nutrients, temperature regulation, or waste disposal, leading to cell disruption or death. CELL DEGENERATION, AGING AND DEATH Nonlethal damage generally affecting the cytoplasm, caused by factors like swelling, fatty infiltrates, and atrophy. Cells lose structure and function with aging, influenced by the extent of injuries and wear and tear, affecting all body systems. Caused by intrinsic factors limiting lifespan or extrinsic factors leading to damage and aging. Factors affecting cell aging include intrinsic factors like metabolic and nutritional factors, and extrinsic factors like physical agents, chemicals, and infectious agents. https://canvas.qut.edu.au/courses/17749/pages/learning-content?module_item_id=1719349 2/3 8/11/24, 9:42 PM Learning content: LQB285_24se2 Pathophysiology for Health Professionals Summing up... Cells are the smallest living structures and the basic units of life. Organisms vary from single-celled to complex beings with millions of cells. Cells form tissues, which then create organs and body systems. Cell function can be altered by stressors and diseases. Cells may adapt, use reserves, or fail under stress. Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia are common cell changes. Cell injury can indicate and cause diseases. In response to injury, cells use reserves or adapt; if reserves run out, cells die (necrosis). Cells can be injured by toxic, infectious, physical, or deficit-related factors. Cell degeneration involves nonlethal damage in active organs and can be slowed with treatment. Aging affects cells, reducing elasticity, muscle mass, and causing skin changes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors impact cell lifespan and aging. https://canvas.qut.edu.au/courses/17749/pages/learning-content?module_item_id=1719349 3/3