Pathophysiology Fundamentals Quiz

Cells are fundamental units of life, comprising tissues and organs within body systems.
Cells face stressors and diseases, impacting normal function throughout their lifespan.
Adaptations to stress include:
- Atrophy: Reduction in cell size.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
- Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number.
- Metaplasia: Replacement of one cell type with another.
- Dysplasia: Abnormal growth of cells.

Cell injury can indicate either wellness or disease status and results from biochemical lesions.
Influencing factors of cell injury:
- Toxic Injury: From endogenous (e.g., metabolic errors) or exogenous sources (e.g., drugs, alcohol).
- Infectious Injury: Caused by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, impairing cell synthesis.
- Physical Injury: Resulting from thermal (e.g., radiation) or mechanical instances (e.g., trauma).
- Deficit Injury: Arises from lack of essential elements like water, oxygen, or nutrients, leading to cell disruption or death.

Nonlethal damage typically affects the cytoplasm with characteristics like swelling and fatty infiltrates.
Aging deteriorates cell structure and function, influenced by injuries and wear and tear.
Aging is affected by:
- Intrinsic Factors: Such as metabolic and nutritional influences.
- Extrinsic Factors: Including physical agents, chemicals, and infections.
Aging decreases elasticity, muscle mass, and causes changes in skin.

Cells serve as the basic units of life forming complex structures in organisms.
Stressors can alter cell function, prompting adaptations or failure.
Injuries can manifest through various sources leading to cell death (necrosis) if reserves are depleted.
Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors play significant roles in cell longevity and the aging process.