LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT.pdf

NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 1ST SEMESTER / PRELIM / 4TH YEAR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Management is a universal phenomenon Management is an art getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environm...

NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 1ST SEMESTER / PRELIM / 4TH YEAR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Management is a universal phenomenon Management is an art getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals can co-operate towards attainment of group goals. “Management is the process involving planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling human efforts to achieve stated objectives in an organization.” Some of the leading management thinkers are given below- Henri Fayol said that, “to manage is to forecast and plan, to control, to organize, to coordinate and to command.” Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivation and controlling the human resources, financial, physical, and information resources of an organization to reach its goals efficiently and effectively. What is Leadership?  Leadership The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.  Management Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational Management Theories members. -Both are necessary for organizational success.-  Leadership is the process of encouraging and helping others to work enthusiastically towards objectives.  It is the behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group towards a shared goal.  It is the relationship in which one person influences others to work together willingly on related task to attain goals desired by the leader and/or group. NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 1ST SEMESTER / PRELIM / 4TH YEAR F.W Taylor Henry Fayol Scientific Management Father of scientific Father of management. functional/modern Is an art of knowing exactly what you want your management. men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way. Worked from bottom to Worked from top to top level. bottom level. ○ Science, Not Rule of Thumb He gave more emphasis to He gave more emphasis to ○ Harmony, Not Discord shop and factory the office and the ○ Cooperation, Not Individualism management. Eg Time management process as a ○ Development of Each and Every motion study whole. Persons To His / Her Greatest His main concern was to His main concern was to Efficiency and Prosperity. increase the efficiency of develop universal worker and managers principles of general Taylorism through scientific management and the observations and functions of managers, Father of Scientific Management - Frederick measurements developing a systematic Winslow Taylor theory of management. Published “The Principles of Scientific Management” in 1911. Universal Principles Management Four Principles: ○ Replaced rule of thumb work methods with scientific study of tasks. ○ Scientifically select, train, teach and develop the employee vs. the employee choosing their own work and training methods; ○ Provide detailed instructions, supervision of performance, and cooperation with employees to ensure methods are followed; ○ Equal distribution of work between management and labor where management assumes the role of planning using scientific methods. RULE OF THUMB IN SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Rule of thumb - refers to the decisions taken by the manager based on his personal judgments. Taylor suggested that managers should not take any decisions based on the rule of thumb rather follow scientific management principles for taking such decisions. The definition of a rule thumb is a generally accepted guideline, policy or method of doing something based on practice rather than facts. Example of a rule of thumb is general guideline that you don’t hear right after Labor Day. Taylor’s Scientific Management NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 1ST SEMESTER / PRELIM / 4TH YEAR The 5 Early Theories of Leadership Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and followers, while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors and skill levels. Key leadership Theories 1. Great Man Theory 2. Trait Theory 3. Contingency Theory 4. Situational Theory 5. Behavioral Theory Great Man Theory Leaders are born, not made. This approach emphasized that a person is born BUREAUCRACY with or without the necessary traits of leaderships. Early explanations of leadership studied the “traits” of great leaders. “Great man” theories (Gandhi, Lincoln, Napoleon) Belief that people were born with these traits and only the great people possessed them. NOTE The great man theory of leadership states that some people are born with the necessary attributes that set them apart from others and that these traits are responsible for their assuming positions of power and authority. A leader is a hero who accomplishes goals against all odds for his followers. Trait Theories (1920s - 1930s) Research focused on identifying personal characteristics that differentiated leaders from non-leaders was unsuccessful. Later research on the leadership process identified seven traits associated with successful leadership: ○ Drive ○ The desire to lead ○ Honesty and integrity ○ Self-confidence ○ Intelligence ○ Job-relevant knowledge ○ Extroversion NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 1ST SEMESTER / PRELIM / 4TH YEAR Trait theory in psychology rests on the idea that directly related to observing others within the people differ from one another based on the context of social interactions, experiences, and strength and intensity of basic trait dimensions. outside media influences. Three Criteria that characterize Personality Traits: Transtheoretical model posits (assumes as facts) the health behavior change involves progress 1. Consistency through six stages of change: 2. Stability ○ Pre-contemplation 3. Individual differences ○ Contemplation ○ Preparation Contingency Theory ○ Action ○ Maintenance ○ Termination Fred Fiedler's Contingency Theory states that, for a leader to be effective, their leadership style must fit the situation. Using this model, you'll identify your own leadership style, assess the situation that requires leadership, and determine whether you're the right leader. The contingency theory of leadership supposes that a leader’s effectiveness is contingent on whether or not their leadership style suits a particular situation. According to this theory, an individual can be an effective leader in one circumstance and an ineffective leader in another one. The Health Belief Model is a theoretical model that can be used to guide health promotion and disease prevention programs. It is used to explain and predict individual Behavioral Theory changes in health behaviors. It is one of the most widely used models for understanding health behaviors. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. 3 Behavioral Theories The most often used theories of health behavior are: 1. Social Cognitive Theory 2. The Transtheoretical Model / Stage of Change 3. Health Belief Model, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Behavioral theories believe that: Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate or inherited factors. This amounts essentially to a focus on learning. We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as “learning theory”) Social cognitive theory, used in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual’s knowledge acquisition can be NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 1ST SEMESTER / PRELIM / 4TH YEAR Management Process Roles of that managers fulfill in an organization