Comparative Models in Policing PDF

Module 2 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING Scope Definition of Transnational Crime Transnational Organized Crime Different Kinds of Transnational Crimes Terrorism Trafficking in Persons Smuggling Money Laundering Loan Sharking Prostitution...

Module 2 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING Scope Definition of Transnational Crime Transnational Organized Crime Different Kinds of Transnational Crimes Terrorism Trafficking in Persons Smuggling Money Laundering Loan Sharking Prostitution Cyber Crimes Pornography Transnational Crimes Crimes that have an actual or potential effect across national borders and crimes which are Intra-State but which offend fundamental values of the international community. The term is commonly used in law enforcement and academic communities. The word "transnational" describes crimes that are not only international (that is, crimes that cross borders between countries), but crimes that, by their nature, involve border crossings as an essential part of the criminal activity. Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but their consequences significantly affect another country. Transnational Crimes Transnational organized crime (TOC) refers specifically to transnational crime carried out by organized crime organizations. Transnational Crimes may also be crimes of customary international law or international crimes when committed in certain circumstances. For example, they may, in certain situations, constitute Crimes against humanity. According to the UN Convention of Transnational Crime An offense is transnational if: It is committed in more than one countries; It is committed in one state, but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction, or control takes place in another country; It is committed in one state but involves an organized crime group that engages in criminal activities in more than one state; or It is committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state. (Abadinsky, 2007) Transnational Organized Crime (TOC or Transnational Crime) Organized crime coordinated across national borders. It involves groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute illegal business ventures. In order to achieve their goals, these criminal groups utilize systematic violence and corruption. The most commonly seen Transnational organized crimes are money laundering; human smuggling; cybercrime; and trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species, body parts, or nuclear material. Transnational Organized Crime (TOC or Transnational Crime) Transnational organized crime is widely opposed on the basis of a number of negative effects. It can undermine democracy, disrupt free markets, drain national assets, and development of stable societies. In doing so, it has been argued, national and international criminal groups threaten the security of all nations. These transnational crime networks often victimize on governments that are unstable or not powerful enough to prevent them, conducting illegal activities that provide them with immeasurable profits. Transnational organized crimes result in interrupting the peace and stability of nations worldwide, often using bribery, violence, or terror to meet their needs. Crimes Considered as Transnational (Selected) Terrorism Trafficking Money Laundering Loan Sharking Smuggling Prostitution Pornography Cyber Crimes Terrorism The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997) Two (2) General Types of Terrorism Domestic Terrorism - Involves persons or groups committing a terrorist act/s in their own country. International Terrorism - Involves citizens or the territory of more than one country. Terrorism Goals of Terrorism Revolutionary Terrorism - the overthrow of the current political regime State-Sponsored Terrorism - activities of government against their own citizens or other countries. Religious Terrorism - promote a certain religious system or protect a set of beliefs within a region. Probably the most important goal of terrorist activity is to generate publicity on a worldwide scale. "Terrorism is not simply what the terrorist do, but the effect they create by their actions" (Jenkins, 1978) Trafficking in Persons Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion or abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position of the vulnerability of the individual, giving or receiving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation. Methods Employed in the Recruitment: Ads in newspapers, magazines, and internet offering employment as dancers, waitresses, maids, and babysitters in non-specified western countries. Many countries grant "artistic" or "entertainer" visas that facilitate the movement and exploitation of trafficking victims. Trafficking in Persons Women are granted these temporary visas upon presentation of a work contract or offer of engagement by a club owner, proof of financial resources, or medical test results. Employment agencies, often licensed under the laws of the origins and destination countries, play a key role in the deception and recruitment of these women. On arrival at their destination, victims are stripped of their passports and travel documents and forced into situations of sexual exploitation or bonded servitude. Having overstayed or otherwise violated the term of the visa, victims are coerced by their exploiters with a threat to run them over to immigration authorities. Smuggling Smuggling of Human The facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries' laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents. (US Law) Smuggling of Human Organs The illegal procurements and/or sale of human organs. Smuggling Smuggling of Firearms Transnational importation of illegal firearms, mostly small arms, by governments and insurgents in war zone regions. Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons Material Illegal importation of nuclear material. Selling of radioactive materials like uranium and plutonium to countries or terrorist groups that wish to develop a nuclear weapons capability. Money Laundering The monetary proceeds of criminal activity are converted into funds with an apparently legal source. (Manzel, 1996) To knowingly engage in a financial transaction with the proceeds of some unlawful activity with the intent of promoting or carrying on the unlawful activity or to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds. (Genzman, 1998) Money laundering suggests a cycle of transactions in which the illegitimate dirty money comes out clean after being processed into a legitimate legal source. (Fairchild, 2001) The process by which criminals or criminal organizations seek to disguise the illicit nature of their proceeds by introducing them into a stream of legitimate commerce and finance. (US Treasury Dep't) Money Laundering Three (3) Steps to Money Laundering Placement Process of moving money from the location of the criminal activity Getting currency into the bank, around the reporting system, at home or abroad. Layering Involves the frequent series of money transfers and transactions used to "cover the tracks" of the illegal funds. Once the money is in the form of a bank entry, the launderers hide its criminal origins through a series of complex transactions. Integration When the money is returned to the regular economy through the purchase of an investment. The launderer then makes the proceeds available to the criminals in an apparently legitimate form. Loan Sharking It refers to the lending of money at excessively high rates of interest. Prostitution The act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. People who execute such activities are called prostitutes. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being a punishable crime to a regulated profession. Described as the "world's oldest profession." Cyber Crimes Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a crime. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, and child pornography. Pornography Depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement. The word originally signified any work of art or literature depicting the life of prostitutes. Sexually explicit pictures, writing, or other material whose primary purpose is to cause sexual arousal.