LD _Lecture 1.pdf

CS221: Logic Design Instructors: Dr. Fatma Sakr Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New J...

CS221: Logic Design Instructors: Dr. Fatma Sakr Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 1  Study: CS221: Logic Design Why? How? What? Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 2  What? Logic Design Logic Design defines the fundamentals of Digital systems, such as computers and cell phones. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 3 Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 4  How ? Course Book Digital Electronics - YouTube Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 5  How ? Course Content Subject Chapter 1: Introduction Concepts Chapter 2: Number Systems, Operations, and Codes Chapter 3: Logic Gates Chapter 4 : Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification Chapter 5: Combinational Logic Analysis Chapter 6: Functions of Combinational Logic Midterm Exam Chapter 7: Latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers Chapter 8: Shift Registers Chapter 9: Counters Chapter 10: Programmable Logic Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 6  Why ? Logic Design Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 7 Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 8  Assessment Final-Term Examination 50 Practical Examination (Project) + labs + Assignment 30 Mid-Term Examination 10 Oral Examination 10 Projects: Digital Clock. Traffic Light. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 9  Projects Elevator Parking System Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 10  History Snapshots 1947: The transistor was invented 1958: Integrated Circuit (IC), A transistor was integrated with resistors and capacitors on a single semiconductor chips. 1971: first commercially microprocessor, Intel Corporation produced the Intel 4004 , giving birth to a family of processors on a chip. 1981: The IBM PC (5150) was announced. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 11  IC Technologies ASIC ( Application Specific Integrated Circuit )  Full Custom ( Transistor Level )  Standard Cell ( Gate Level – libraries )  Gate Array ( Gate Level already created of the wafer ) Filed Programmable Devices  Complex  Complex Programmable Logic Devices ( CPLD )  Field Programmable Gate Array ( FPGA )  Simple  Programmable logic Devices ( PLD ) Off-The-Shelf Components  MSI / SSI ( Transistor Transistor Logic TTL - Series 7400 ), (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMOS - Series 4000 ) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 12  Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER 1 Digital Concepts Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 13  Digital and Analog Quantities Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 14  Digital System ( Why ) Easier to design. Flexibility and functionality. easier to store, transmit and manipulate information. Cheaper device. CD drive 10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier Digital data converter Analog reproduction of music audio Speaker signal Sound waves Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 15  Digital and Analog Quantities Analog quantities have Digital quantities have continuous values discrete sets of values Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 16  Digital System ( Why ) Analog vs. Digital Most natural quantities (such as temperature, pressure, light intensity, …) are analog quantities that vary continuously. Analog = continuous Digital = discrete Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 17  Digital and Analog Quantities Types of electronic devices or instruments: Analog Digital Combination analog and digital Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 18  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 19  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1. They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1 Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 20  Transistors: nMOS Gate = 0 Gate = 1 OFF (no connection ON (channel between source between source and drain) and drain) source drain source gate drain gate VDD GND +++++++ ------- n n n n channel p substrate p substrate GND GND Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 21  Transistor Function g=0 g=1 d d d nMOS g OFF ON s s s s s s pMOS g OFF ON d d d Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 22  CMOS Gates: NOT Gate NOT VDD A Y Y=A P1 A Y A Y 0 1 1 0 N1 A P1 N1 Y 0 ON OFF 1 GND 1 OFF ON 0 Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 23  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1. Binary values are also represented by voltage levels They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1 Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 24  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Logic Levels: The voltages represent a 1 and a 0 one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage level represents a LOW. In practical digital circuit  HIGH any voltage between a specified minimum value and a specified maximum value.  LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a specified maximum. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 25  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Major parts of a digital pulse Base line Amplitude Rise time (tr) Pulse width (tw) Fall time (tf) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 26  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms tw = pulse width T = period of the waveform f = frequency of the waveform 1 f T Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 27  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The duty cycle of a binary waveform is defined as:  tw  Duty cycle   100%  T  Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 28  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Timing Diagrams A timing diagram (or waveform diagram) is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms. Clock A B C Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 29  Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Serial and Parallel Data Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer. 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t5 t6 t7 Computer Modem 1 Computer Printer 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 t0 t1 Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 30  Ports on a Typical Laptop Computer USB RS-232 PS/2 Mouse (Serial) (Serial) (Serial) IEEE Printer VGA (Analog 1394 (Parallel) video) (Serial) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 31  Question 1: How long will it take to transmit an 8-bit binary string using serial transmission if the clock frequency is 100 MHz? Question 2: How long will it take to transmit an 8-bit binary string using parallel transmission if the clock frequency is 100 MHz? Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 32  Basic Logic Operations Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 33  Basic Logic Operations There are only three basic logic operations: Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 34  Basic Logic Operations The NOT operation When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW The output logic level is always opposite the input logic level. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 35  Basic Logic Operations The AND operation – When any input is LOW, the output is LOW – When both inputs are HIGH, the output is HIGH Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 36  Basic Logic Operations The OR operation – When any input is HIGH, the output is HIGH – When both inputs are LOW, the output is LOW Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 37  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 38  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Comparison function Arithmetic functions Code conversion function Encoding function Decoding function Data selection function Data storage function Counting function Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 39  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Comparison function Compares two binary values and determines whether or not they are equal Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 40  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Arithmetic functions Perform the basic arithmetic operations on two binary values: – Addition – Subtraction of two values – Multiplication – Division Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 41  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Code conversion function Converts, or translates, information from one code format to another Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 42  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Encoding function Converts non-binary information into a binary code Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 43  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Decoding function Converts binary-coded information into a non-binary form Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 44  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Data selection function Multiplexer (mux) – Switches digital data from any number of input sources to a single output line Demultiplexer (demux) – switches digital data from a single input to any number of output lines Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 45  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Data storage function Retains binary data for a period of time – Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators) – Registers – Semiconductor memories – Magnetic-media memories – Optical-media memories Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 46  Overview of Basic Logic Functions Counting function Generates sequences of digital pulse that represent numbers Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 47  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 48  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits IC package styles Dual in-line package (DIP) Small-outline IC (SOIC) Flat pack (FP) Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 49  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Dual in-line package (DIP) DataSheet Ex. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 50  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Small-outline IC (SOIC) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 51  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Flat pack (FP) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 52  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 53  Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC) Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 54  IC Packaging ICs are packaged in ceramic or plastic. Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 55  Test and Measurement Instruments Digital Multimeter Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current Probe Function Generator Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 56  7400 Series and 4000 Series – A popular series of TTL chips is the 7400 series – A popular series of CMOS chips is the 4000 series Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 57  Technology Magazines https://spectrum.ieee.org/ https://www.technologyreview.com/ Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 58  Electronics Shops https://store.fut-electronics.com/ http://ram-e-shop.com/oscmax/catalog/ Floyd Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 59