Environmental And Land-Use Planning Lecture Notes PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL AND LAND-USE PLANNING Master of Science Planning and Environment Prof. Dr. Saleh Mohammed Mubarak  Pollution and Environmental Protection Lecture 3  3 Introduction Nowadays, the world kno...

ENVIRONMENTAL AND LAND-USE PLANNING Master of Science Planning and Environment Prof. Dr. Saleh Mohammed Mubarak  Pollution and Environmental Protection Lecture 3  3 Introduction Nowadays, the world knows increasingly severe environmental, social and economic problems challenging the current production systems and sustainability of all human activities. This result is particularly true because the resources on which these activities depend are significantly imbalanced; this is the case in particular for land resources. The land1, being considered as one of the most essential natural resources both for the survival of mankind and for its prosperity, is the platform on which human activities take place and source of materials needed for these activities.  4 In statistical terms, globally, the available land was 13 003 468,05Ha in 2009 broken down by different types of use. Land ensures a set of functions. Besides the main function of production, land is necessary for the regulation of the atmosphere, water cycles, mineral supply, conservation of nature, etc. The land components interact in a kind of natural balance that humanity must preserve to allow land resources to support and ensure continuity of this human activity on a sustainable basis. Land use Country Area 13,459,123.35 Land Area 13,003,468.05 38% 31% Agricultural Area 4,889,048.21 Agricultural Forest Area 4,038,719.46 Area Forest Area Other Land 4,088,049.47 31% Inland Water 455,656.30 Other Land Land use/world area in 2009 (1000Ha)3  5 As a result, land is highly sought by various human activities. Such activities (current or future) depend, in some degree, on the surface of the earth, minerals, water and other renewable and nonrenewable. Generally, the same parcel of land can not be used for more than one object simultaneously, but this situation generates a competition between different activities that should be considered for land use.  6 Land degradation The land is a limited resource, more and more substantial demand makes it increasingly rare. The pressure on land resources becomes heavy and is manifested by the decline of agricultural production, the deterioration of the quantity and quality of land and by competition for the access to land.  7 Land degradation From a demographic perspective, the world's population is still on the increase, it was 2.5 billion in 1950 and is now 7billion and could reach 9 billion by 2050, which means a corresponding increase of the use of land resources. This pressure on land and overexploitation faced by land resources have resulted in many forms of degradation manifested by desertification, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, land degradation, water degradation, etc. The following diagram illustrates the relationship pressure-problem-symptom.  8 SYMPTOMS OF THE PROBLEM OF PRESSURE ON LAND AND RESOURCES  9 Land degradation Land degradation is a global phenomenon. It is estimated to reach over 2 billion hectares worldwide and threatens the livelihoods of over one billion people. Almost two- fifths of the land area is arid, inadequately supplied with fresh water. About 65% of arable land may have already lost some of their biological and physical functions.  10 Land degradation Degraded According to the latest FAO report on Undegraded the status of land resources and water for food and agriculture in the world, 16% the degradation of land resources has 25% reached worrying levels. The proportion of degraded land has reached 25%, the part of land moderately degraded is 8%. It should be noted that the proportion of 84% 75% degraded land was only 16% in 1997 which explains a sustained rate of degradation processes. Indeed, in some areas entire systems are being threatened. 1997 2011  11 From land Management to sustainable land management This alarming situation undermines the policies and models of land planning and land management that are currently implemented and which are based on the overexploitation of resources and on methods that have little concern about ecological balances. Therefore, proper management of land, of all their attributes and components is needed to a better rationalization of their use.  12 Environmental issues in Land use Environmental issues in land use are related to a combination of many complex, natural and anthropogenic phenomena. The transformation of natural and semi- natural ecosystems by deforestation, cultivation, drying, urbanization, intensification and mechanization of agricultural practices, overexploitation of animal populations, global warming, desertification and general pollution are all direct and indirect causes of the accelerated environmental degradation and changes in land use.  13 Deforestation Forests cover slightly more than 4 billion hectares, which represent 31 percent of the total land area and corresponds to an average of 0.6 hectares per inhabitant. During the past decade, about 13 million hectares of forests were converted annually to other uses or disappeared as a result of natural phenomena.  14 Degradation of biodiversity Biodiversity is the main manifestation of the land use resulting in the diversity of ecosystems, species, breeds, varieties, and genomes. It is an important source of natural resources and economic wealth internationally and locally. Economic benefits of biodiversity can be direct (direct exploitation / monetary gain), indirect (resources generated by other resources), option (future potential use), or existence (subjective and moral value for humanity).  15 Degradation of biodiversity However, the consequences of various human activities, as intensive agriculture, overgrazing, uncontrolled industry, unplanned urbanization, related to economic development and population growth, go often against preservation of biodiversity and natural resources management. In extreme cases, the negative impact of these activities leads to irreparable loss of animal and plant species.  16 Desertification and soil erosion “Desertification" means land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities“ Desertification is not a natural expansion of existing deserts, but it is the soil degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry area. It is a process of progressive loss of soil productivity and depletion of vegetal cover due to human activities and climatic variations.  17 Degradation of water quality We talk about aquatic pollution when the balance has been altered permanently by the intake of excessive amounts of either more or less toxic substances, related to natural or human activities, as well by hot water. These pollutants can cause various types of pollution: increasing mortality of some animal or plant species; making them disappear sometimes, altering their physiological capacity and deteriorating the water quality at the point of making it unsuitable for certain uses, such as human consumption. There are various forms of water pollution including surface water by industrial and municipal wastes, and by agricultural practices, groundwater by over-pumping, dumping of household and industrial waste, as well as practices sewerage.  18 Degradation of water quality Land use decisions can have significant impacts on water quality. This is particularly the case for development decisions. The impact on water quality depends on the intensity of land use, which can be classified as low intensity (e.g. woodlands, grassland, farmland, and managed green spaces) or high intensity (e.g. residential, commercial and industrial).  19 Degradation of air and atmosphere and global warming Deforestation, urban sprawl, agriculture, and other human influences alter and fragment the natural landscape. This disturbance of the land use causes changes in the atmospheric concentration of some substances and materials such as carbon dioxide which can range from microscopic to macroscopic scale, and thus alters the energy flows balance on the surface of the Earth. Moreover, degradation of air quality, direct cause of global warming, represents one of the biggest environmental, social and economic factors that threaten the Earth.  20 Contamination from waste Contamination caused by waste is considered by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as an extremely important issue in all areas of the planet. Poor management of waste presents enormous risks on the environment, welfare and health of humans and animals and determines the behavior of actors in the land use. The presence of garbage dumps in urban and suburban areas hinders the development of economic and tourist activities and degrades the quality of living. The risks listed below are for illustrative purposes.  21 Contamination from waste The dumps and landfills misplaced in urban areas and poorly managed are unsightly and smelly and can contaminate soil, groundwater and streams. Waste incineration contributes to air pollution. Insufficient collection of solid waste clogs the sewerage of wastewater and stormwater and generates a lot of nuisance. Toxic, hospital and hazardous waste untreated properly constitute a significant danger to soil, to population and to public health. In this way, radioactive waste can be lethal and pollute large areas for centuries to come. Medical waste are also dangerous as it may exacerbate the spread of diseases and infections.  22 Land use impacts of mining The extraction and processing of minerals and metals can have dramatic consequences for the environment and land use. The most serious impacts of mining are: 1. Impacts on water resources The acid mine drainage and leaching of contaminants associated to the metal mining have devastating impacts on aquatic life, rivers and streams. It is the largest source of negative impacts on water quality. Toxic substances can leach under settling ponds and mine tailings storage and filter through the soil and contaminate groundwater, particularly if the basis of these facilities is not equipped with a waterproof coating. Pumping and water discharges that invade mine shafts reduce or eliminate domestic supply wells and causes problems of quality and quantity of groundwater.  23 Land use impacts of mining The extraction and processing of minerals and metals can have dramatic consequences for the environment and land use. The most serious impacts of mining are: 2. Impacts on air quality : Air emissions occur at each stage of mining, especially during the exploration, development, construction and operational activities. Mining operations mobilize large amounts of materials, and waste batteries containing small particles easily dispersed by wind.  24 Land use impacts of mining The extraction and processing of minerals and metals can have dramatic consequences for the environment and land use. The most serious impacts of mining are: 3. Impacts on wildlife Mining affects the environment and associated biota through the removal of vegetation and soil cover, movement of wildlife, release of pollutants and generation of noise.  25 Land use impacts of mining The extraction and processing of minerals and metals can have dramatic consequences for the environment and land use. The most serious impacts of mining are: 4. Impacts on soil quality : Mining operations change regularly the surrounding soils that were previously untouched. The erosion of exposed soils would involve substantial expenditure of sediment in surface water and drainage channels. In addition, spills and leaks of hazardous materials and deposition of contaminated dust whipped by the wind lead to soil contamination.  26 Land use impacts of mining The extraction and processing of minerals and metals can have dramatic consequences for the environment and land use. The most serious impacts of mining are: 5. Impacts on social values: Mining is a risky activity. Health and integrity of the miners and their communities are subject to hazards from various sources, ranging from smoke inhalation, dust contamination of domestic water and poor safety regulations.  27 Environmental risks related to the management of local public services Management of public services has direct and indirect impacts on the conservation and sustainable land use. These impacts are much more visible at local areas (municipalities and local authorities) because of the nature of provided services (potable water, liquid waste disposal, domestic waste and assimilated waste from hospitals, transportation, energy, telecommunications, etc.) and proximity to the user.  28 The main sources of pollution of surface waters are insufficiently treated and untreated wastewater of industrial and utility companies, untreated sewage urban stormwater, runoff agricultural enterprises. Almost everywhere water bodies contaminated stubborn organic substances, compounds of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, oil products. The high content of these substances, with the exception of petroleum products, caused by natural factors. Intense sources of pollution are urban stormwater, landfills for industrial and household waste from the territory of which there is erosion and filtering pollutants  29 The impact of individual industries on the environment of the city 1. Industrial influence The problem of all the industrial enterprises, the formation of large quantities of waste, air emissions, wastewater and solid waste production. Mining and processing enterprises for industrial purposes use large quantities of water. This entails the formation of wastewater contaminated with various substances, which in contact with water bodies is detrimental to their inhabitants. In the surface water is discharged petroleum products, copper compounds, iron, zinc, phosphorus, phenol, ammonia and nitrite nitrogen. Very often these and other harmful substances are in the groundwater, where they seep from landfills production and agriculture.  30 The impact of individual industries on the environment of the city 2. Transport influence Transport is one of the most important elements of the material-technical base of social production and a necessary condition for the functioning of modern industrial society, as it is used for the movement of goods and passengers. Transport is a major source of acoustic pollution of the environment. In large cities, the noise level of 70-75 acoustic decibels, which is several times exceeds admissible norms. The combustion of fuel in engine cylinders are formed non-toxic (water vapor, carbon dioxide) and toxic substances. The latter are the products of combustion or side-reactions occurring at high temperatures. The main toxic component of exhaust gases released during the operation of gasoline engines is carbon monoxide. It is formed by incomplete oxidation of carbon fuels due to lack of oxygen in the whole volume of the engine cylinder or in its separate parts. The priority areas of reduction of environmental pollution by motor transport are the use of new types of vehicles, minimally polluting (e.g., electric vehicle), rational organization and management of traffic flows and the use of better and more environmentally friendly fuels (e.g. gas).  31 The impact of individual industries on the environment of the city 3. Sewage and waste water At present, domestic sewage is a huge problem both from the point of view of ecology and the environment, and economic side. Of the household domestic waste water to the hydrosphere do organic substances which are decomposed by oxygen-consuming colonies of bacteria. With the necessary access of air to the aerobic bacteria convert the wastewater into environmentally harmless substances. Given the restricted access of oxygen to the sewage decreases the activity of aerobic bacteria, thereby developing the anaerobic bacteria, implying the process of decay. With sewage from domestic wastewaters into the water includes pesticides, phenols, surfactants (e.g., detergents). Their decomposition process is slow, some substances do not decompose at all. Via food chains from the organisms of aquatic animals and fish, these substances enter the human organism, negatively affect human health, which can further lead to various acute and chronic infectious diseases.  32 The impact of individual industries on the environment of the city 4. Municipal solid waste Environmental pollution household waste affects the person through air, water, foods of plant origin grown on the poisoned soil debris. Entering the soil chemical compounds accumulate and lead to a gradual change of chemical and physical properties, reduce the number of living organisms, impair fertility. Along with pollutants, often in soil bacteria, helminth eggs and other harmful organisms. Currently the recycling of trash is becoming the phenomenon only in a few countries, but there is an important need for more active use. Such methods of disposal of waste placement on landfills and incineration is not innocuous. Landfills emit methane gas, which creates a menacing our planet, the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.  33 Consideration of environmental factors in the planning system In order to ensure safety and adequate conditions of life of the population, to limit the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment and to ensure the protection and rational use of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations, local governments in the implementation of spatial planning should take environmental factors into account. Therefore, speaking about environmental factors, we should pay attention to those functional areas that are most dependent planning in relation to environmental factors or themselves have an impact on the environment.  34 Consideration of environmental factors in the planning system These are production zones, zones of engineering and transport infrastructures, residential and recreational areas. Production zone designed to accommodate industrial, municipal and warehouse facilities. The production area recommended to be placed on territories with a calm relief, providing convenient transport links to places of settlement employed in the enterprise workers and external facilities and urban transport. Planning should take into account the fact that in the production area included the territory of sanitary protection zones of the objects themselves and in these sanitary protection zones are not allowed in residential houses, preschool and educational institutions, and healthcare institutions, leisure, recreational and sports facilities, horticultural, suburban and gardening cooperatives and agricultural production.  35 Consideration of environmental factors in the planning system In addition to production areas should pay attention to the zones of engineering and transport infrastructure, which is designed to accommodate activities and facilities and communications of railway, road, river, Maritime, air and pipeline transport, communications and engineering equipment, and also have in one way or another impact on the environment. When planning must take into account compliance with the required distances from such facilities to areas of residential, social, business and recreational areas and other requirements to prevent harmful effects on the environment. It should be understood that the objects of engineering and transport infrastructure, possessing the feature of a direct harmful impact on the security of the population, must be located outside urban and rural settlements.  36 Consideration of environmental factors in the planning system Also in planning land use should pay attention to the location of the city's recreational areas. As these areas are intended for the organization of places of rest of the population you need to consider that their territories are not permitted the construction and expansion of existing industrial, communal and storage objects, which can have a negative impact on human health and the environment. The exception may be only industrial, municipal and warehouse facilities, which is directly related to the operation of facilities health and recreational purposes.  37 Territorial planning of the municipal district is accompanied by the preparation of necessary documentation for territorial planning. documents of territorial planning; documents zoning; documentation on planning the territory. In accordance with article 18 of the town planning Code of the Russian Federation territorial planning documents of municipalities are: territorial planning schemes of municipal districts; master plans of settlements; master plans of urban districts  38 Environmental factors Ecological factors are processes or individual elements of the environment, natural or anthropogenic, are considered when planning land use in order to ensure favorable living conditions of the population and protection of sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems from pollution and other negative impacts of economic and other activities.  39 Environmental factors For effective management of urban areas and improve the planning should include the parameters of the natural environment as good or bad as air, drinking water quality, the presence or absence of green areas, noise, the presence or absence of unattractive objects. Very often three of the above factors — air quality, the presence of landscaping and the absence of industrial facilities that form people's opinions about the good or bad quality of the environment and create preconditions for increase of prestige of urban areas and, consequently, increase in property prices of the cities. THANK YOU