Key Concepts in Environmental Planning PDF

KEY CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING  WHAT IS PLANNING?  As an ACTIVITY, its primary concern is to visualize future possibilities and intentionally choose, guide, and/or create current behaviours, structures, and/or tools to achieve and/or target toward desir...

KEY CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING  WHAT IS PLANNING?  As an ACTIVITY, its primary concern is to visualize future possibilities and intentionally choose, guide, and/or create current behaviours, structures, and/or tools to achieve and/or target toward desirable future states.  As a PROCESS, it refers to the methods, mechanisms and tools for accomplishing the activity, especially in a group or social context.  As a DISCIPLINE, it refers to the body of knowledge, related to all aspects of planning, held symbolically or in the minds of practitioners, researches, and theorists.  As a PROFESSION, it refers to the group of individuals carrying appropriate skill sets who fulfil an agreed upon social responsibility to guide these processes.  COMMON-SENSE DEFINITION OF PLANNING AS AN ACTIVITY a way of thinking oriented towards the future that anticipates change and designs solutions to address expected difficulties and thereby improve the quality of decision- making Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2004: “the act or process of making or carrying out plans; specifically the establishment of goals, policies, and procedures for a social or economic unit in a systematic manner Planning is essentially problem-solving. It is a process of establishing ends and determining means to achieve the end, involves preparation of a set of general statements that define direction of future development Generic Planning is ubiquitous – it can be done by anyone anytime anywhere But “professional” planning is governed by professional principles, standards and laws. DEFINITION OF PROFESSIONAL PLANNING  Planning is a sequence of deliberate purposeful actions designed to solve problems systematically, by foreseeing and guiding change through rational decisions, reconciling public and private aims, and arbitrating between competing social, economic, political and physical forces.  Planning allocates scarce resources, particularly land and other resources, in such a manner as to obtain the maximum practicable efficiency and benefit, for individuals and for society as a whole, while respecting the needs of Nature and the requirements of a sustainable future. LEGAL DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING  “refers to activities connected with the management and development of land, as well as the preservation, conservation and management of the human environment”  Presidential Decree No. 1308, March 2, 1978  Objective is to liberate communities from urban blight and congestion and promote ecological balance  PD 933, series of 1976, Decree Creating the Human Settlements Commission, later HSRC, later HLURB  ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING Urban Development Land Use System and Settlements Transportation Utilities and Social System Services Water Resources Farming and System Fisheries Cultural institutions, historic places to Critical Ecosystems preserve and Natural Habitats ACADEMIC DEFINITIONS OF PLANNING
Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different elements and aspects of the environment, determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in concert throughout a period of time in the future and formulating and programming a set of actions or interventions to attain desired results. Planning pays particular attention to the location, form, intensity and effect of human activities on the built and un-built environments, anticipating change, and managing such change sustainably.
URP refers to the scientific, orderly, and aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities and communication routes, in use and in development, with a view to obviating congestion and securing the maximum practicable degree of economy, efficiency, convenience, sound environment, beauty, health and well-being in urban and rural communities" (Canadian Institute of Planners, ca. 1919)
URP is the unified development of urban communities and their environs and of states, regions, and the nation as a whole, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and their regulation” (American Institute of Certified Planners - AICP)
URP is an art of anticipating change, and arbitrating between the economic, social, political and physical forces that determine the location, form, intensity, and effect of urban development; it is concerned with providing the right site at the right time, in the right place for the right people (John Ratcliffe)
URP pays attention to the manner by which collective goals and decisions become embedded in public policies and programs.
Cities and towns are not just human communities or political-administrative territories but part of and wider natural environment. PLANNING USES KNOWLEDGE WHILE BUILDING KNOWLEDGE FOR SOCIETY 4B DOMAINS OF PLANNING 201 - Planning 222/289 - Environmental Planning 210-229 Urban & Regional Planning 203- Land Use Planning 231 - Site Planning 205 - Project Planning Action Planning or Activity Planning Urban & Regional Planning is “Place- Making” – creating livable human spaces and natural communities Town Planning or Urban Planning involves Spatial Processes with differing Time Scales very slow change Networks immediate change Goods Transport Travel or People Transport Employment fast change Population Workplaces slow change Housing Land Use very slow change Source: Wegener, 1995 4E Goals or KRAs Generic of Planning Strategies Efficiency Engineering & Entrepreneurial innovation Effectiveness Enforcement of policies Ecology Equilibrium and balance Evenhandedness Equity Education & Empowerment Engagement of many of people sectors SOME SHIFTS IN MODERN PLANNING  Before, Product-Oriented; now Process- Oriented. Planning process is as important as planning output.  Before, All-Inclusive; now Strategic  Before, Compartmental due to administrative boundaries; now Integrated (Trans-border)  Before, “Agency-led”; now “Community- Based”  Before, “Top-Down”; now “Bottom-Up”  Before, Open Participation; now Focused Participation ATTRIBUTES OF PLANNING PROCESS SCIENCE AND ART – requires quantifiable tools as well as subjective creativity MULTI-DISCIPLINARY Requires the expertise of various disciplines; economics; engineering; sociology; architecture; law; geography etc. COMPREHENSIVE: Covers all aspects of man/women and his/her environment; physical, social, economics, political administration and the natural environment. participatory DYNAMIC: Changes overtime, technological change; cultural norms and traditions; not static; responsive to new demands and needs of people. CONTINUOUS / ITERATIVE: Plan is prepared, approved, implemented; reviewed and evaluated; replan again based on new demands of the time. PARTICIPATORY: values the engagement of MULTI-SECTORAL stakeholders. CYCLIC / SPIRAL: Unending process; Always goes back to where it started; Were the problems solved? Goals and objectives attained? At what level of satisfaction? TIME BOUND: Plan must have a time perspective; short, medium, long range; Basis for plan review and assessment.  LEVELS OF PLANNING  Scope or Coverage of Planning Narrow : Perspective, Concept, Framework, Moderate : Framework Structure, Developmental Broad : Integrated, Comprehensive, Detailed  Timeframe/Duration of Plan Short Term 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan Medium Term 5-7 years e.g. development plan Long Range 10-30 years e.g. CLUP 20-50 years e.g. Masterplan Time-horizon of the envisaged future varies according to the type and level of planning WHY DOES PLANNING HAVE TO BE ETHICAL?  Niccolo Machiavelli’s amoral philosophy of expediency in The Prince (1532): “The ends justify the means.” “Whatever it takes to kill the cat.”  Ethics: “The ends and the means have to justify each other.” Consistency and Connectedness between Intention and Action.  Science: Need for Congruence between Objectives and Outcomes. Compatibility between Goals and Methods.  PLANNING AND THE STATE  STATE’s main instrument is the GOVERNMENT : sphere of power.  Planning seeks to direct and to control the form of the built environment in the interest of society as a whole; power is necessary to carry out plans.  Planning in the public domain is conflictive and therefore political, involves compromises between CIVIL POLITY SOCIETY contending groups PROD. (State)  Planning cannot be isolated from the political SECTOR context of the city or region because policy MARKET decisions affect local interests. (Business)  At times, planning becomes a practice of what is feasible politically instead of what is technically efficient and effective. (Campbell & Fainstein 1997:1)  Macro-level policies have impact on micro-level site, and these policies will influence people’s lives if not affect them adversely.  PLANNING AND THE MARKET  MARKET / BUSINESS SECTOR : generates goods, jobs, and incomes for material survival  The planner has to operate alongside the market, directly influencing and frequently assisting its functioning, but in a manner that takes account of both public and private interests  Without town planning, land would be apportioned between competing uses by the price mechanism and interaction of supply and demand  The market, operating alone, does not provide the most appropriate location for what are generally described as the non-profit making uses of land (e.g., open spaces, roads and bridges, etc.)  However, correct siting of these lands can make land uses more profitable  Thus, planning assists the market in becoming more efficient. PLANNING AND CIVIL SOCIETY: WHY DOES PLANNING HAVE TO BE ”PARTICIPATORY”?  Civil Society: sphere of citizen groups, civic institutions, civic values; facilitates political and social interaction by mobilizing groups to participate in economic, social, political activities  Process-oriented means engaging and involving people in various phases/stages People are important because they ultimately execute the Plan; they are the main actors of development. Hence, Experts have to plan “with” the people and not “for” the people. Participation and sharing help people overcome inertia and believe that change is possible. “Change We Need, Yes We Can!” It is necessary to build consensus to legitimize and carry out the Plan; Plan provides alternative solutions that have to be acceptable to the people. “Social Acceptability” Because Planning decisions create tangible impact, (roads, parks, etc.), plan often involves matters in which the people have large emotional stakes Planning often has large financial consequences on the part of the public. Plans are directly linked to taxes and property values; people eventually pay for the plan. Citizens who might know more about their locality tend not to defer to external planners; they have to be involved in the process of planning or else they become a major force of resistance. WHAT IS ‘URBAN PLACE’?  There is no commonly-agreed international definition of what constitutes “urban”; it varies from country to country as the United Nations has left it to individual countries. Sweden = at least 200 population United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled. Philippines = density at least 1,000 persons per sq.km or 10 persons per hectare, with grid-iron or analogous settlement design India = at least 5,000, with 75% of adult males employed in non-agricultural work Switzerland = at least 10,000 population Japan = at least 30,000 population Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to suit specific purposes; China revised its census definitions with criteria that vary from province to province causing their urban population to swell by 13 percent in 1983. Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban many areas even though they are essentially ‘rural’ in character. PHILIPPINE DEFINITION OF ‘URBAN PLACE’  National Statistics Office -- operational rather than conceptual definition Urban and Rural Areas - the same concepts used in the 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 2000 censuses were followed in classifying areas as urban.  According to these concepts, an area is considered urban if: a) In their entirety all cities and municipalities having a population density of at least 1,000 persons per square kilometer; b) Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population density of at least 500 persons per square kilometer; c) Poblaciones or central districts (not included in 1 and above), regardless of the population size which have the following: a) Street pattern, i.e., network of streets in either parallel or right angle orientation; b) At least six (6) establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational and/or personal services); and c) At least three of the following: i. A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least once a month; ii. A public plaza, park or cemetery; iii. A market place or building where trading activities are carried on at least once a week; iv. A public building like school, hospital, puericulture or health center and library. 4. Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet the conditions set forth in 3 above, and where the occupation of the inhabitants is predominantly non-fishing. All areas not falling under any of the above classifications are considered rural. “URBAN PLACE” VERSUS “CITY”  “Urban” is determined by physico-spatial, economic, demographic and cultural characteristics  While modern concept of “city” is defined by charter or Legal Act after complying with income, territorial size, population, referendum requirements.  Some “urban” areas are not cities and might not qualify as cities, e.g. poblaciones, town centers, Municipality of Pateros is thoroughly ‘urban’ but not a city.  City from civitat (community), civis (citizen), Old French ‘cite,’ in ancient Greece, ‘polis’ for city-state  Modern concept of City is “an important permanent settlement possessing the characteristics of size, density and heterogeneity, whose people are granted a substantial level of self-governance by central authority by means of a Statute or ‘Charter’.”  Both urban areas and cities are non-ubiquitous in geographical space and perform functions over a service area. They reflect the level of a society’s development.  Common characteristics of ‘Urban Place’ and ‘City’ are that they are aggregations of people to better realize some activities and perform vital functions. Distinguishing characteristics of urban are: Population size ➔ rural has relatively small population, usually kinship-based. Population density ➔ rural population is dispersed, to be near farms and fisheries. Cultural heterogeneity ➔ rural culture is rather homogenous, with strong social controls. Multiple Functions ➔ rural tends to be self-contained, focused on its own people & economy Level of Administration ➔ rural is concerned only of its territory while urban administers multiple jurisdictions. WHAT IS A ‘REGION’?  Region refers to a city or central place plus the outlying territories that are functionally integrated with it.  Region is based on natural/physical as well as economic/political relationships between urban areas and its surrounding rural territories  Economic linkages Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g. journeys to work Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for food, water and labor supplies, etc. Production and consumption functions: Industries, commerce, trade  Infrastructure linkages Major Transport nodes Utility trunks – water purification plants, power supply Areas performing sink-functions of city, e.g. landfill, MRF, STP COMMON DEFINITIONS SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and subject to common-thematic type of planning. PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to achieve the functions/objectives of a sector. Programs describe in detail the kind and quantities of resources to be used. PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and facilities within a limited area within a given time period. A project deals with goods and services significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and local development plans. CONCEPT PLAN the output of the first stage activities in the preparation of a development plan. It consists of an overall growth pattern, strategy, sectoral policies and population and employment target and forecasts. DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements accompanied by maps, illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become and how it wants to develop. It is essentially composed of community goals, objectives, policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan which translates the various sectoral plans. CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or opinion which may be or may not be followed.  COMMON DEFINITIONS  VALUES– something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of person or group in which they have an emotional investment  PRINCIPLES – axiomatic statements of how values are related and ranked in relation to other values  NORMS – broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they can serve to regulate behavior  STANDARDS– principles and norms formulated in such a way that they can be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established measures for determining or evaluating performance.  GOALS– broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim; always related to community/group situation or organizational structure  OBJECTIVES – operational reformulation of goals so that they can be doable / implementable for a defined period (e.g. project, cycle, phase, etc.)….(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound or SMART) WORLD PLANNING HISTORY HISTORY OF CITY-FORMATION AND LESSONS FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION OUTLINE 1. History of City-Formation
Early Urbanization
Necropolis ; Cities of the Dead (Ancient Near East and Egypt)
Acropolis (Classical Greek City-State)
Imperial City (Ancient Rome)
Fortress Cities (Dark Ages)
Cathedral Cities (Middle Ages)
Port Cities / Mercantile Cities (Renaissance)
Manufacturing Cities (Industrial Revolution)
Post-Industrial Cities
Megalopolis 2. Heritage Conservation Early Urbanization, 6000-200 BC 1. Early Urbanization coincided with the ‘Neolithic Agricultural Revolution’ when people built sedentary settlements near fixed farms – rather than living nomadically through hunting and gathering. 2. successful domestication of selected plants and animals generated huge food surplus that led to permanent settlements in alluvial plains (Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Tiber rivers) 3. The resource base was the source of water –rivers, lakes and oases – for irrigation of permanent farms. 4. Cattle was used to pull the plow, increasing cultivated acreage 5. Rectilinear plotting with the use of plow made easy the division of land according to crop 6. Use of irrigation systems and hydraulics 7. Use of massive warehouses to store food in preparation for drought or warfare THEORY OF EARLY URBANIZATION– “HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATION THEORY” BY KARL WITTFOGEL  Large-scale irrigation systems was prime mover behind urbanization  The agricultural revolution resulted in higher crop yields and created huge food surplus  Labor specialization developed; a class of non- farming workers --bureaucrats /administrators, High Priests, Shamans (healers), Craftsmen, Traders  Strong, centralized government emerged, Babylon, in Sumeria, backed by an urban-based military. present day Iraq  Power elite was needed for coordination to ensure continued operation of the irrigation system  Farmers who resisted king’s authority were denied water Ur, in Sumeria  The hydraulic civilization model was applicable to Mesopotamia, India, Pakistan, and China but not to all “urban hearths” in Antiquity because urban civilization blossomed even without irrigation in Meso-america (Maya, Teotihuacan, Aztec and Inca) Theory of Early Urbanization – ‘Religious Model’ by Paul Wheatley 1. Religion was a major factor behind urbanization. Cities were religious ceremonial centers (temples and ziggurats) and were seen as defenses against supernatural forces 2. Religious leaders claimed special knowledge of meteorological and climatic conditions; they decided when and how to plant crops. Successful harvests led to more support for this priestly class 3. Priestly class exercised political and social control; political leader had to claim to be a “high priest” with special and unique knowledge 4. Politically, there was shift from elder-based kinship organization to complex political system 5. shift from “ancestor worship’ to “cult worship of “totalitarian god-kings” who controlled food storage and food rationing 6. Development of writing enabled “god-kings” to codify laws, and their supposed literacy led to claims of unique divine wisdom inaccessible to the masses. ‘NECROPOLIS’ – THE EARLIEST CITIES WERE CALLED ‘CITIES OF THE DEAD” o Worship of the totalitarian ‘god-kings’ o Totalitarian ‘god-kings’ sought to live forever Egypt through huge Egypt monuments and burial complexes Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Egypt Teotihuaca, Mexico Greek City-States and Democracy  The Greek-city-states with combined population of 250,000 provided the anti-thesis to totalitarian empires.  There were 500 polis with a population of 3,000-5,000 people each – the most important were Athens, Sparta, Mycenae, Minoa, and Pergamon.  The Greeks also had the Temple Temple of Zeus at Olympia as centerpiece but valued the creation of “civic space” and the practice of secular fields (philosophy, Olympic sports) and humanistic fine arts.  Greeks provided the concepts of “self-government,” and ‘citizenship”  Small size enabled the practice of ‘direct democracy’ (but women, slaves and foreigners not included) Hippodamus of Miletus – ‘Father of Town Planning’ in Western Civilization  Lawyer-architect Hippodamus of Miletus (c. 407 BC) is known as the “Father of Town Planning” in Europe.  He emphasized geometric designs, provided the first theoretical framework in planning.  He designed Miletus, Rhodes, and Thurii (Italy).  Pericles commissioned him to design “Piraeus” as the port of Athens. Alexander the Great commissioned him to design “Alexandria” in Egypt which Alexander captured.  Athens and Acropolis 1. Athens gained pre-eminence among many Greek city-states circa 700-404 BC, had 40,000 citizens and 100,000 slaves at its height 450 BC 2. Emphasized knowledge, philosophy, reasoned debate, rhetoric, culture, and sports (e.g., Parmenides, Pericles, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.) 3. two distinctive functional zones which were physically separated – Acropolis (sacred sites & religious temples) and Agora (civic sphere and secular politics) 4. Acropolis–made of white marble and granite meant to shine when struck by the sun; built to harmonize with natural landscape as “crown” on the peak of Mount Lycabettus. 5. “Arenas” in the agora were venues for public participation in social life. Secular Humanism in Greek civilization Gallery of the Maidens Zeus The god “Hermes” holding the child god Venus de Milo, 100 “Dionysius” BC  Rome – ‘The Eternal City’ Rome straddles 7 hills originally inhabited by pastoral communities with access to Tiber River. Rome was first a ‘Republic’ run by democratic Senate until 27BC then it became an “Empire” after the assassination of Julius Caesar who was succeeded by dynasties of emperors/dictators Imperial Rome did not excel in philosophy and science but excelled in engineering – civil works, road building, hydraulics, water and sewerage provision Rome was the first ancient city to reach 1 million population in 03 AD – about the time Jesus Christ was 6 years old. City was bisected by 2 main streets that met at the center called the “Forum” where temples, government buildings, theatre, arena, market, warehouses, libraries, schools, venues for common assembly were located “Basilica” was originally the official function hall of the Emperor Even with good infrastructure, Rome was overcrowded, susceptible to epidemics, plagues, and large disastrous fires (e.g. Nero) Rome – The ‘Imperial City’  Romans were preoccupied with defense and built their cities like military camps called “castras”  Grid-iron: Basic street pattern useful for military movement – whole city was enclosed by a wall  Romans chose locations with good access  transportation network was primary consideration Roman camp Ancient Rome in Algeria Roman Civilization Roman arch, vault, duomo, quadrangle, piazza planning, amphitheater, aqueduct, public baths, etc influenced most cities in continental Europe Called classical or neo-classical design FORTRESS CITIES After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, central concern of communities during Dark Ages Angers Castle, Angers was survival and security. City, France Fortress Cities relied on protective town walls. Because of walls, cities could not grow more than one square mile. Above a population of 3,000, fortress would have serious problems about water, sanitation, waste, epidemics, privacy. Bran Castle, Transylvania ‘CATHEDRAL CITIES’ DURING MIDDLE AGES:  Middle Ages started with the rise of Charlemagne as Emperor of Holy Roman Empire  Church and State became united  2,500 medieval towns grew around a cathedral, abbey, monastery, or castle Heidelberg, Germany  Cathedral – church where the “cathedra” or “chair” of a Bishop is placed, signifying the See’s ascendancy over other institutions  Cities retained protective town walls or fortification  Towns had a radiocentric pattern, with irregular, narrow, twisty streets less than 15 feet wide  because of water availability, towns usually had less than 10,000 residents; with an average radius of 12 miles Zurich, Switzerland – Cathedral City which received the highest world rating for ‘Quality of Life’ 2004 Zurich, Switzerland Zurich, Switzerland Zurich, Switzerland Zurich, Switzerland Munich, Germany Renaissance (1440-1769 ) Renaissance coincided with Age of European Exploration & Conquest Decline of the Role of the Church and the rise of power of the Merchant Class who shaped trading and treasury policies of the Monarchies. Distinction between New Capital (Bourgeoisie and Ideal Renaissance City in Entrepreneurs) and the Old Landed Gentry (feudal Italy – “Urbino” lords) who oversaw rural manors and farming estates
Florence, 1498 for the Monarchies. Cities were important commercial nodes for trading companies. Mercantilism believed that the value of the economy was measured by quantities of gold and silver. This system drove nations to conquer foreign lands to acquire more gold/silver, and advantage in trade Urbino: Neo-classical Town Hall with piazza and streets radiating from the center Florence, birthplace of Renaissance Tower by Giotto Florence cathedral Brunelleschi Duomo Florence, Italy Pitti Palace RADIAL URBAN MODEL (LEONE BATTISTA ALBERTI)  Leone Battista Alberti (1600) Wrote “De re Aedificatoria” Designed parts of St. Peter’s Basilica of Vatican City and many features of Florence  Built upon the radiocentric pattern of cathedral cities.  “Ideal Cities” of the Renaissance – star- shaped plans with streets radiating from a central point, a church, palace or castle  Commercial development followed transport routes resulting in Star-shaped pattern of land use  Major roads radiated from center of town. Street may curve to conform to topography  Adopted in Renaissance cities and later in Paris ‘MERCANTILE CITIES’ OF THE RENAISSANCE (1440-1769 ) Venice, Genoa, Venice, Italy Amsterdam, Lisbon, Hamburg, St. Petersburg Venice, Italy Venice, Italy Venice, 1454 Pierre Charles L’Enfant (1784-1825)  French architect, engineer, city planner who prepared Plan for Washington D.C. (1791)  “A plan to serve as the framework for the capital city of the new nation”  The plan was intended as a model for American City Planning and a symbol of governmental power  featured a network of wide streets converging on major parks, and other open spaces and on public structures such as the Capitol and the White House  France sided with US nationalists in the War of Independence against Britain  Forerunner of “City Beautiful Movement” later picked up by Ebenezer Howard (UK) and Daniel H. Burnham (US) Washington DC McMillan Plan – 1901-1902 Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann (1809-1891)  Published the book “Architecture” 1844;  French Architect-theorist, Prefect of Seine, commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III to redesign Paris, the first architect to significantly change a city  dominant forms in Haussmann's plans are long, wide, tree-lined boulevards punctuated by an abundance of circular parks and plazas  twelve grand avenues radiating from the ‘Arc de Triomphe’; Wide boulevards prevented mob behavior; first plan to address traffic flow  land use pattern copied by most major cities; urban design considered workers as well as members of ruling class  Goals of Hausmann’s Plan  Economic: Promote industrialization by enabling goods and services to be transported efficiently  Aesthetic: Impose a measure of unifying order and opening up space to allow light to penetrate Paris  Military: Eliminate the threats of proletariat’s rising  Sanitary: Improve the state of health Paris, Best Planned City in the World Arc de Triomphe Eiffel Tower Paris, Best Planned City in the World Palace of Versailles River Seine Champs Elysees Cathedral of Notre Dame Industrial Revolution in 1769 ushered in the ‘Manufacturing City’ or ‘Industrial City’ Invention of steam engine in 1769 ushered in the Industrial Revolution Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s Industrial City, 1820s beginning with Coalbrookdale in British Midlands, located near coal fields, called “Blacktowns” or “Coketowns” by Charles Dickens London was originally a Roman camp (castra) and then replanned by Inigo Jones 1630 London’s Covent Garden Square designed by Iñigo Jones in 1630s featured the Royal Opera House but eventually became a market for vegetables, fruits and flowers London Today – Among the Five Most Powerful ‘World Cities’ along with New York, Washington DC, Tokyo, and Paris INDUSTRIAL CITIES OR MANUFACTURING CITIES (1769-1970S)  Built on economy of mass production  Characterized by massive migration from rural areas  Indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources  Resulted in pervasive air and water pollution, more man-made disasters,  Population explosion after World War II lowered value of labor power, and stiffened competition for work  Cities became unregulated jumbles of activity; they needed Transport Planning  Impoverishment of workers as a result of de- skilling and “Scientific Management” ‘Post-Industrial Cities’ in the Age of Information Revolution (1970s-2000s)
Economic restructuring from 1970s to the present is characterized by declining industrial centers
closuresof plant and dirty factories and relocation to remote regions or to Third World countries
Post-industrial society is organized around knowledge and innovation. City economies are dominated by tertiary (service), quaternary (finance, information and knowledge), quinary sectors (pleasure technologies) sectors.
emergence of information-processing technologies that require a highly skilled, intellectual, creative, and imaginative labor force; preeminence of the professional and technical class. Use of computer, internet, and transport technology is changing production dramatically. ICTs have implication for spatial organization of all human activities; they allow people to work in urban peripheries or at home offices; they cause the so- called “annihilation of space”
Growth primarily benefits highly skilled professionals and offers little benefits for displaced workers in manufacturing sector and those who are unskilled.
Spatial Structure New York City’s
Dominant urban form is the metropolitan urban region with redeveloped Central Park urban cores having multiple nodes.
Former functions of old CBDs now distributed among suburban Office Parks (technology parks, shopping malls). Heritage Conservation Spatial Form and Landscape both codify and communicate cultural meanings  Townscapes and Cityscapes contain more than literal messages about economic functions  They are loaded with figurative or metaphorical content, subjectivized emotion, that are essential to the social fabric  They codify cultural meanings and memories  Landscape is a vehicle for constructing and maintaining social and ethnic distinctions  Messages inherent in loaded landscapes may determine how we treat our environment -- how it is managed, changed, or protected  Elite landscapes are created through large-lot zoning, imitation of countryside estates, and detailed ornamental iconography. Conspicuous consumption for the rich is a major means of conveying socio-economic identity.  ‘Edge cities’ are a function of socio-economic class and not race.  Some subdivisions reflect voluntary class segregation, i.e. consumer taste & preferences, and are a product of market forces.  Other subdivisions are a result of “red-lining” or racial segregation partly due to influence of lending banks, realtors, laws, etc. Heritage Conservation  Heritage Conservation – a movement within ‘Neo-Traditionalism’ or ‘New Urbanism’ which seeks to preserve the physical links to the past by retaining the historic integrity of heritage places  by doing ‘as much as necessary’ to preserve their fabric but as ‘little as possible’ to alter it”  ‘Architectural Preservation’  ‘Adaptive Re-Use’ -- saving exteriors of significant historic- cultural sites while adopting modern uses in their interiors  Heritage Conservation is ‘preservation of site’  Historic Cultural Tourism is ‘preservation of experience’ : site + context = experience  Historic landscapes help people define themselves in time and help establish social continuity with the past  Have value to Tourism and can revitalize Commerce  Have incalculable value to National Culture and Identity Heritage Conservation Sites
Historical and Social Significance. in terms of a notable figure, event, phase or activity, and whether it is an important reflection of social patterns of its time.
Cultural and Spiritual Significance. For its contribution to the distinctive characteristics of a way of life, philosophy, religion or other belief and/or the esteem in which it is held by a particular group or community.
Architectural and Artistic Significance in terms of a design of a particular style, period or designer and whether it has significant artistic value.
Group and Setting Significance For its degree of unity in terms of scale, form, materials, texture and colour in relationship to its setting and/or surrounding buildings.
Landmark Significance. For its landmark significance in community consciousness.
Archaeological Significance. The heritage item and its relevance in respect of important physical evidence of pre- 1900 human activities.
Technology and Craftsmanship Significance. The heritage item’s importance for the nature and use of materials, finishes and/or constructional methods which were innovative for the period or of noteworthy quality. Heritage Conservation Provide outstanding opportunities to conserve natural, historic, cultural resources or natural scenic features; Based on historic urban landscape Reflect traditions, customs, beliefs, and folklife that contribute to the story; Tie into overall tourism strategy Manage as an assemblage through public and private partnerships; Provide recreational and educational opportunities. Incorporate modern design within a local framework City as a Collage or Palimpsest Aldo Rossi, 1931-97
Aldo Rossi's Architecture of the City (1966), introduced the concepts of 'historicism' and 'collective memory' to urban design, and proposed a 'collage metaphor' to understand the mixture of new and older forms within the same urban space
Cities have to learn that preserving history makes a lot more sense than starting from zero  COMMON DEFINITIONS  VALUES– something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of person or group in which they have an emotional investment  PRINCIPLES – axiomatic statements of how values are related and ranked in relation to other values  NORMS – broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they can serve to regulate behavior  STANDARDS– principles and norms formulated in such a way that they can be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established measures for determining or evaluating performance.  GOALS– broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim; always related to community/group situation or organizational structure  OBJECTIVES – operational reformulation of goals so that they can be doable / implementable for a defined period (e.g. project, cycle, phase, etc.)….(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound or SMART)