Lab Exam I Study Guide PDF

Lab Exam I Study Color Guide Yellow – PowerPoint Topic | Red – Important | Green – Answer | Blue – Example | Bold – Urgent Exercise 1: Lab Safety Disposing Of Items: o Dispose of biological waste, like used Petri Dishes & Culture Materia...

Lab Exam I Study Color Guide Yellow – PowerPoint Topic | Red – Important | Green – Answer | Blue – Example | Bold – Urgent Exercise 1: Lab Safety Disposing Of Items: o Dispose of biological waste, like used Petri Dishes & Culture Materials in designated biohazard bins. o Sharp items (Needles, Glass) should go into sharps containers. o Chemical waste needs to be discarded according to specific guidelines provided for each substance. Protecting Yourself: o Always wear Gloves, Goggles, and Lab Coats to protect against spills and exposure to harmful substances. Familiarize yourself with safety protocols for handling specific chemicals. MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet): o It provides information about hazards of materials and how to handle them safely, including first aid measures and disposal instructions. Discarding Items: o Items used in experiments should be discarded according to their classification (Biohazard, Chemical, or General Waste) Always follow lab instructions and local regulations. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): o This includes Gloves, Goggles, Lab Coats, and Face Shields designed to protect you from exposure to hazards. Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method: 1. Observation 2. Question – Why? 3. Hypothesis – Maybe… 4. Prediction – If, *Hypothesis*, Then, 5. Experiment/Results – Data Results 6. Analysis/Discussion 7. Conclusion – Accept or Refuse the hypothesis. Variables: 8. Independent Variable: The variable you manipulate (Amount of Light) 9. Dependent Variable: The variable you measure (Plant Growth) 10. Controlled Variables: Factors kept constant (Soil Type, Water Amount) 11. Experimental Group: The group exposed to the Independent Variable. 12. Control Group: The group not exposed to the Independent Variable for comparison. 13. Placebo: A substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control in testing. Exercise 2: Karyotypes Making a Karyotype: 1. Collect Cells (From Blood or Amniotic Fluid) 2. Induce Cell Division (Using Mitogens) 3. Arrest Cells in Metaphase (Using Colchicine) 4. Stain Chromosomes (To see Bands) 5. Photograph and arrange them by size and shape. Characteristics for Karyotyping: o Size, Banding Patterns, Centromere Position, and overall Shape helps in identifying and comparing chromosomes. Karyotypes of Specific Conditions: 6. Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21 (Three copies of chromosome 21) 7. Klinefelter Syndrome: XXY genotype. 8. Cri-du-Chat: Deletion on chromosome 5 9. Turner Syndrome: X0 (Missing one X chromosome). 10. Huntington’s Disease: Typically, normal karyotype; mutation occurs in the gene (HTT) 11. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Philadelphia chromosome (Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22). Chromosomal Terms: 12. Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosome Pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape and size. 13. Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 Pairs in humans) 14. Sister Chromatids: Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome. 15. Haploid: Cells with one set of chromosomes (Gametes) 16. Diploid: Cells with two sets of chromosomes (Somatic Cells) Exercise 3: DNA, the Code of Life DNA Extraction Steps: 1. Cell Lysis: Breaking down Cell Membranes using detergents. 2. Removal of Proteins: Using Protease Enzymes to digest proteins. 3. Precipitation: Adding Alcohol (Ethanol) to separate DNA from the solution. Human Genome Size: o Approximately 3 billion base pairs, containing about 20,000 – 25,000 genes Exercise 4: What is a Gene? o Aseptic Technique: Procedures to prevent contamination by Pathogens, including sterilizing equipment and using gloves o Milk Agar Experiment: An experiment to test the enzymatic breakdown of casein (Milk Protein) by bacteria, using milk agar plates to observe zones of clearance around bacterial colonies. o Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up biochemical reactions. They work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. o Experimental vs. Control Plates: The Experimental Plate has the variable being tested (Bacteria producing enzymes), while the Control Plate lacks this variable to serve as a baseline for comparison. Definitions: o Genes: Segments of DNA that encode for Proteins. o DNA: The molecule that carries genetic information. o Genome: The complete set of genetic material in an organism. Number of Genes: Humans have roughly 20,000-25,000 genes. Protein-Coding Percentage: 1-2% of the human genome codes for proteins. o Transcription: The process of converting DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) o Translation: The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA at the ribosome Exercise 8: Isolating a Mutation Results Explanation: o Results will vary based on the specific experiment. Look for indicators of successful mutation isolation, such as changes in antibiotic resistance. Key Terms: o Conjugation: The process by which bacteria transfer genetic material through direct contact. o Antibiotic Resistance: The ability of bacteria to survive despite the presence of antibiotics, often due to mutations or acquired genes. o Plasmid: A small, circular DNA molecule independent of chromosomal DNA, often carrying genes for Antibiotic Resistance. o Zone of Inhibition: The area around an antibiotic disk where bacterial growth is prevented, indicating sensitivity to the antibiotic. o Pinpoint Colony: A small, distinct colony of bacteria on a plate, often representing a single bacterium that has multiplied. Lab Exam I Study Color Guide Yellow – PowerPoint Topic | Red – Important | Green – Answer | Blue – Example | Bold – Urgent