Respiratory System Past Paper PDF 2023-2024

3/18/2024 A case study ANAT. MD 201 ANAT MDC 201 8 months year boy presented to the emergency by difficulty Academic year: 2023-2024 Credit hours: 2ch...

3/18/2024 A case study ANAT. MD 201 ANAT MDC 201 8 months year boy presented to the emergency by difficulty Academic year: 2023-2024 Credit hours: 2ch of breathing. 1. What is your possible Anatomy Department diagnosis?????? The Respiratory System 2. Is this case is life-threatening By ?????????? Dr: Shaimaa Hafez 1 2 1  3/18/2024 - It is composed of: 1. Conducting 2. Respiratory passages. - Its functions: The primary function : is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The secondary functions: are phonation and olfaction. WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY - Its parts: 1. The nasal cavity. SYSTEM??? 2. Pharynx. 3. Larynx. 4. Trachea. 5. Main bronchi. 6. Lungs 3 4 2  3/18/2024 1) THE NOSE ❖ It is consisting of external nose and nasal cavity. ❖ Both are divided by a septum into right and left halves. Parts of the A) The external nose: respiratory system Anteriorly: It is called the anterior nasal openings (nostrils). Its lateral margin, the ala nasi, is rounded and mobile. Its framework is formed of bones above, cartilages below. 5 6 3  3/18/2024 Boundaries of the nasal cavity: B) Nasal cavity: It extends from the nostrils 1. Floor: It is formed by the hard anteriorly to the posterior nasal palate which separates it from oral aperture posteriorly, where it cavity communicates with the 2. Roof: It is lined by olfactory nasopharynx. mucosa. It is lined by nasal mucosa whose upper part is concerned with smell and its lower part modulates air temperature. It has a floor, roof, lateral wall and medial wall 7 8 4  3/18/2024 4. Medial wall: 3. Lateral wall: It is formed by the nasal septum which is considered -It has three bony projections as the medial wall of each half of the nasal cavity. covered by mucous membrane called superior, middle and inferior conchae. 9 10 5  3/18/2024 2) The Pharynx: ▪ it is divided into three parts: ▪The pharynx is incomplete fibro-muscular tube extends from the base of the skull to the begin of esophagus. 1.Nasopharynx ▪ It is a common passage for air and food. ▪Anteriorly its wall is absent as it communicates with: - nasal cavity (its upper part), 2. Oropharynx - the mouth cavity (its middle part) - and the entrance of the larynx (its lower part). 3. Laryngo-pharynx 11 12 6  3/18/2024 1. The nasopharynx: 2. The Oropharynx: It is the highest part that lies behind the It is common to both alimentary and respiratory system. nasal cavity. it communicates anteriorly with the oral cavity. ❖ Anteriorly: it communicates with the nasal cavity through the posterior nasal 3. The laryngopharynx: openings. ❖ On each side: it is communicated with It is the lower part of the pharynx. middle ear through the auditory tube It lies behind the larynx. (Eustachian tube). ❖ Its roof contains a mass of lymphoid tissue (pharyngeal tonsil). Enlargement of these tonsils is called the adenoid. 13 14 7  3/18/2024 The most important cartilages are: 3) THE LARYNX 1. Thyroid cartilage: is the largest cartilage. 2. The epiglottis closes the laryngeal inlet during deglutition prevents food from It is the part of air passages responsible entering the larynx. for voice production 3. Cricoid cartilage: It connects the laryngopharynx above with the trachea below. It is lined by mucous membrane. It consists of number of cartilages connected with ligaments, membranes and muscles. 15 16 8  3/18/2024 4) THE TRACHEA It is a cartilaginous and membranous tube. 5) The Main Bronchi It is about 10 cm long and about 2 cm wide. It extends from the C6 to T4 vertebra where it divides into Right main Left main the right and left main bronchi. bronchus bronchus It descends in the midline of the neck in front the oesophagus. Shorter (2.5 cm) Longer (5cm) Wider. Narrower. It is formed of 20 incomplete (C shaped) cartilaginous More vertical. More horizontal. rings connected with membranes and its defective posterior part is replaced by involuntary muscle. The main function of the trachea is to provide a passage for air during respiration and the rings maintain its patency. 17 18 9  3/18/2024 6) THE LUNGS The lungs are the essential organs of respiration. They provide the body with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide in a process called gas exchange. They are normally light, soft, spongy and elastic and in early life they are pink but by time become dark and mottled due to the deposition of carbon particles in their tissues. 19 20 10  3/18/2024 Each lung has the shape of inverted half cone with: Apex: directed upwards lies. Base: it is concave, directed downwards on the diaphragm. Lateral surface: it is convex and related to the chest wall. Medial surface: is concave, related to the heart and contains the hilum of the lung. The hilum is the region where the corresponding pulmonary vessels and the bronchus enter and leave the lung. 21 22 11  3/18/2024 The differences between right and left lung: THE PLEURA The pleura are a thin, slippery serous membrane, which surrounds each lung. ▪ It is double-layered: ▪The outer parietal layer lines the thoracic cavity ▪The visceral pleura is adherent to the lungs. ▪There is a potential space (pleural cavity) between these two layers, contains serous fluid. ▪It acts as a lubricant to facilitate the lung movement. 23 24 12  3/18/2024 25 13