Composition And Function Of Blood PDF

COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD Dr. Rasha Eldeeb Associate Professor of Physiology September 10, 2024 1 www.gmu.ac.ae...

COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD Dr. Rasha Eldeeb Associate Professor of Physiology September 10, 2024 1 www.gmu.ac.ae COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  Composition And Functions Of Blood Learning Objectives: Define blood and its cellular and non cellular components. Describe the physical properties of blood Explain the functions of blood Describe the plasma and its content Explain the functions of plasma proteins State the difference between the plasma and the serum To Start with … What is Blood?  Blood Is the only fluid tissue in the body It is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells ( Red Blood cells, White blood cells and platelets) , are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma It appears to be a thick, homogeneous liquid, the microscope reveals that it has both cellular and liquid components  Composition of the Blood Cellular component: 40-45% Cells (or corpuscles) Red blood corpuscles (R.B.Cs) or erythrocytes: about 5 millions/mm3. When decreased in number, the condition is called anemia, and when increased, it is called polycythemia White blood cells (W.B.Cs) or leukocytes: 4000-11000/mm3. When decreased in number, the condition is called leukopenia, and when increased, it is called leukocytosis Platelets or thrombocytes: 100000-400000/mm3. When decreased in number, the condition is called thrombocytopenia, and when increased, it is called thrombocytosis Liquid component: 55-60% (Plasma) Water (90%) Plasma proteins (7.1%) Lipids, hormones, enzymes, nutrients and waste products (2%) Various electrolytes e.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, Ca2+ and PO43- (0.9 %)  Physical Characteristics of the blood Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste Depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, the color of blood varies from scarlet (oxygen rich, in arteries) to dark red (oxygen poor, in veins) Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45, and its temperature (38°C or 100.4°F) is always slightly higher than body temperature Its average volume in healthy adult males is 5–6 L (about 1.5 gallons), somewhat greater than in healthy adult females (4–5 L) 100000-400000/mm3 4-5 millions/mm3 4000-11000/mm3 All cellular elements arise from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow by the process of hematopoiesis. What is Plasma?  Plasma Plasma is a straw-colored, viscous fluid and is 90% water. The remaining 10% is solutes, such as nutrients, respiratory gases, salts, hormones, and proteins Plasma makes up 55% of whole blood ▪ Water (90%) ▪ Plasma proteins (7.1%) ▪ lipids, hormones, enzymes, nutrients and waste products (2%) ▪ Various electrolytes e.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, Ca2+ and PO43- (0.9 %) Serum is the plasma minus the clotting factors The total plasma proteins range is 6-8 g/dL (the average is 7 g/dL). It includes albumin, globulins, prothrombin and fibrinogen  Plasma Proteins Types of plasma proteins: Albumin ranges from 3.5-5 g/dL (the average is 4 g/dL). Globulins [alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (У)] range from 2.3-3.5 g/dL (the average is 2.7 g/dL). Fibrinogen is about 0.3 g/dL. Prothrombin is about 15 mg/dL. Site of synthesis: All plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver except У globulins, which are synthesized by the B-lymphocytes and plasma cells Source of plasma proteins: The plasma proteins are normally formed from food proteins, and in starvation they can also be formed from tissue proteins (reserve type)  Albumin: oFormed in liver and most abundant of all the plasma proteins (the average is 4 g/dL). oAlbumin is an important blood buffer,a carrier for lipids and steroids and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood Globulin: they are α = alpha,β = beta and γ = gamma oFormed mainly in liver except У globulins, which are synthesized by the B-lymphocytes and plasma cells oAlpha and beta globulins are involved many in transport of materials and Gamma globulins act as immunoglobulins (for immune system) Fibrinogen: has a high molecular weight , contribute much to blood viscosity that will maintain blood pressure specially the diastolic , also it play an important role in hemostasis (clotting) as it polymerizes into long fibrin threads during blood coagulation forming clot Prothrombin: share in activation of fibrinogen into fibrin which is essential for clotting and stoppage of bleeding. What are the functions of the Plasma Proteins? Functions of plasma proteins Hemostasis = Blood coagulation (fibrinogen, prothrombin and other clotting factors) Blood viscosity (fibrinogen and globulins; for their high molecular weight) Blood osmotic pressure (albumin; because of its large amount, non diffusible, maintain a colloidal osmotic pressure that regulate the volume and pressure of blood and ECF so decrease in albumin level results in loss of water from blood and shift it to interstitial fluids causing edema) Defense action (immunoglobulins [Igs] and complement system) Buffering action to regulate pH and maintain acid-base balance Conserve certain hormones, vitamins and minerals (e.g. thyroxin binding globulin, transcobolamin, transferrin, …) Control of capillary permeability (plasma proteins close small pores in the capillaries and thus prevent edema) CO2 carriage (carbamino compounds) Nutrition (in cases of prolonged starvation) 9/10/2024 14 15 Serum= Plasma – Clotting Factors What is the Function of Blood?  Maintain Homeostasis o Distribution functions include delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, removal of metabolic wastes, and transport of hormones o Regulation functions are maintenance of body temperature, of constant blood pH, and of adequate fluid volume o Protective functions include hemostasis and prevention of infection 9/10/2024 19 https://www.menti.com/aluktijqw28h Learning Resources: Marieb EN. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition, Pearson International Edition; 2014. ISBN-13: 978-1-2920-2649-7. Chapter 17, pp. 685-688. Guyton, Arthur C. Textbook of medical physiology / Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall.—11th ed. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology/Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano and Heddwen L.Brooks,23rd ed. Instructional Web site Lecture PDF on Moodle https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780702031144000026  DISCLAMER The contents of this presentation, can be used only for the purpose of a Lecture, Scientific meeting or Research presentation at Gulf Medical University, Ajman. www.gmu.ac.ae