L3 - Chemistry II PDF

LECTURE THREE CHEMISTRY II © Dr. Nicole M. Ventura, PhD. © All slides are property of Dr Ventura. Instructor Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream generated course materials are protected by law and...

LECTURE THREE CHEMISTRY II © Dr. Nicole M. Ventura, PhD. © All slides are property of Dr Ventura. Instructor Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream generated course materials are protected by law and may not be copied or distributed in any form or in any School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences medium without explicit permission of Dr Ventura and/or 3rd party (published texts) where applicable. Faculty of Health, York University LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define the term biochemistry. Define and discuss the differences between organic and inorganic compounds. Identify the components of and discuss the structure and function of the following inorganic compounds: Water Salts Acids/bases Discuss osmosis and osmolarity – the movement of water and/or solutes. Define and discuss the pH scale and what it measures. Identify the components of and discuss the structure and function of the following organic compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids  BIOCHEMISTRY The study of chemical composition and reactions of LIVING MATTER. Chemicals/compounds in the body fall into one of these two categories: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon containing, (Cs bound to Hs), Does not contain carbon (couple of Covalent bonding exceptions!) Covalent and ionic bonding Nucleic acids DNA/RNA Acids, bases, salts Protein Water Lipids and oxygen Carbohydrates Exceptions: carbon dioxide and monoxide INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- WATER makes up 60-80% of the volume of most living things. H2O Properties of Water: High specific heat: amount of energy you need to put into it to change its state Excellent solvent: dissolves (most) things (hydrophilic molecules) relatively easy (exception is things that are hydrophobic) Surface tension Solid water floats, therefore less dense than liquid water INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- SALTS Electrically neutral ionic compound that does not contain H+ or OH-. When dissolved in water broken down into their positive or negative ions, and with this charge can conduct electricity. Sodium Chloride (table salt!) Common electrolytes found in body fluids Importance of SALTS (ELECTROLYTES!) in our body: Control the flow of water in and out of cells within the body Supports the nervous system – electrical nerve impulses Muscle contraction Maintenance of a neutral pH within the body OSMOSIS AND OSMOLARITY OSMOLARITY = The number of solute particles per 1L of solvent mOsm/L (# osmoles in L of solution) Semi-permeable OSMOSIS membrane Low osmolarity High osmolarity Equal solute concentrations Water moves from low osmolarity to high osmolarity (OSMOSIS) Solute moves from high osmolarity to low osmolarity (diffusion) INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- ACIDS AND BASES ACID = substance that dissociates into free H+ (ex. HCl) BASE = substance that dissociates into OH- (NaOH), removes H+ from a solution Acids and Bases are proton donors/acceptors! High [H+] = 100 Low [H+] = 10-14 pH is a measure of: How acidic or basic a structure is Concentration of H+ in a solution (on a logarithmic scale!) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- CARBOHYDRATES Accessible form of energy / fuel for the body Composed of the subunit CH2O (“hydrated carbon”) Sugars associated MONOSACCHARIDES (“mono” = 1 ; “saccharide” = sugar) with DNA and RNA DISACCHARIDES (“di” = 2 ; “saccharide” = sugar) Digestible form of carbohydrates Images from: https://www.ahmadcoaching.com/2022/01/carbohydrates-and-its-classification.html ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- CARBOHYDRATES POLYSACCHARIDES (“poly” = many ; “saccharide” = sugar) Complex carbohydrates: long chains of monosaccharides -- the need to break these down into their accessible energy forms … like what is in potatoes! … dietary fiber from plants (human GI tract can not digest cellulose!) … storage form of glucose in the liver of the body! Images from: https://www.ahmadcoaching.com/2022/01/carbohydrates-and-its-classification.html ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- LIPIDS HYDROPHOBIC! Insoluble in water! A part of our diet to provide energy / fuel for the body and make us ”waterproof” Different types of lipids: triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steroids, waxes Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) but in different proportions from carbohydrates, giving them different properties MOST COMMON LIPIDS: FATTY ACIDS AND TRIGLYCERIDES Fatty acids = the building blocks for more complex lipids TRIGLYCERIDE = Lipolysis! ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- LIPIDS hydrophilic PHOSPHOLIPIDS: Phosphorous molecule replaces one of the fatty acid chains Polarity -- Polar head is hydrophilic and attracts charged particles; non-polar tail is hydrophobic, interacts with non- polar molecules Contribution to the structure of cell membranes and thus, the controls the movement of fluids and molecules in and out of cells! PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER A Micelle hydrophobic  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- LIPIDS STEROIDS: Different chemically from other lipids but are categorized as a lipid because they are insoluble in water (ie. non-polar) Important hormones within the body are steroids, as is cholesterol. CHOLESTEROL Insights from the Structure of Estrogen Receptor into the Evolution of Estrogens: Implications for Endocrine Disruption - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://old-ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/13-membrane- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structures-of-adrenal-and-sex-steroids-The-A-ring-of-Estradiol- structure/cholesterol.html has-a-C3-phenolic-group_fig1_50371886 [accessed 11 Sept 2024] ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- PROTEIN Basic structural material of the body Utilized to make enzymes, hemoglobin, contractile proteins in our skeletal muscle Can be used for energy (in a pinch) Subunit = amino acid – 20 of these found within the body each with distinct properties Shape of the protein determines its function – H+ change the shape of proteins Side chain “R” – this is where they all differ! 9 Essential Amino Acids (don’t need to memorize these!) Amino acids contain 4 common components: Center carbon atom Hydrogen atom Amino group Carboxyl group  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- PROTEIN 1o 2o Coiled to form a spiral structure – stabilized by hydrogen bonds “zig-zagged” sheet. Adjacent Sequence of AAs to strands held by form polypeptide chain hydrogen bonds 3o 4o Two or more Creation of polypeptide globular chains with structure their own 3o by the structure folding of combine to ⍺-helices form and/or β- functional sheets protein. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acid =. Complex organic substance in all living cells whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. Examples of important nucleic acids – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Nucleotide = subunit of nucleic acid Nitrogenous bases ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA and RNA Responsible for expression of genetic make-up of an individual Carry the information to create the proteins that make- up our bodies. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) Primary energy-transferring (carrying) molecule in the body Provides a form of energy that is usable by all body cells