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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a disaccharide?
Which of the following best describes a disaccharide?
- A carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharide units. (correct)
- A carbohydrate that is classified as either organic or inorganic.
- A simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed further.
- A carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides.
What is the primary function of polysaccharides in living organisms?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides in living organisms?
- They are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses.
- They provide immediate energy to cells.
- They act as structural components and energy reserves. (correct)
- They serve as a main source of genetic information.
Which statement accurately describes phospholipid bilayers?
Which statement accurately describes phospholipid bilayers?
- They form a barrier that separates the interior of cells from the external environment. (correct)
- They involve ionic bonding between lipids and proteins.
- They are composed entirely of fatty acids.
- They allow all substances to pass freely through the membrane.
Which type of lipid is primarily responsible for long-term energy storage?
Which type of lipid is primarily responsible for long-term energy storage?
What is the primary role of proteins in biological systems?
What is the primary role of proteins in biological systems?
How are the structures of proteins determined?
How are the structures of proteins determined?
Which type of carbohydrate is primarily responsible for providing quick energy to cells?
Which type of carbohydrate is primarily responsible for providing quick energy to cells?
What distinguishes inorganic compounds from organic compounds?
What distinguishes inorganic compounds from organic compounds?
What property of water explains why solid water floats on liquid water?
What property of water explains why solid water floats on liquid water?
Which function of salts (electrolytes) is crucial in the human body?
Which function of salts (electrolytes) is crucial in the human body?
How does osmosis work in relation to osmolarity?
How does osmosis work in relation to osmolarity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of acids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of acids?
What is osmolarity defined as?
What is osmolarity defined as?
What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?
Which of the following correctly defines disaccharides?
Which of the following correctly defines disaccharides?
Which characteristic is true about polysaccharides?
Which characteristic is true about polysaccharides?
What is the fundamental structure of a phospholipid?
What is the fundamental structure of a phospholipid?
How do fatty acids differ from carbohydrates?
How do fatty acids differ from carbohydrates?
What is the main function of triglycerides in the body?
What is the main function of triglycerides in the body?
What unique property do the heads of phospholipids possess?
What unique property do the heads of phospholipids possess?
Which type of lipid is primarily known for forming the cell membrane structure?
Which type of lipid is primarily known for forming the cell membrane structure?
Which process requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
Which process requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
Which type of diffusion involves a protein carrier specific to one chemical?
Which type of diffusion involves a protein carrier specific to one chemical?
What characterizes the plasma membrane in terms of its structural nature?
What characterizes the plasma membrane in terms of its structural nature?
Which type of transport specifically involves the movement of water through a specific channel protein?
Which type of transport specifically involves the movement of water through a specific channel protein?
What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump in active transport?
What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump in active transport?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
Which of the following accurately describes the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following accurately describes the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Which structures are primarily involved in maintaining the shape and stability of the cell?
Which structures are primarily involved in maintaining the shape and stability of the cell?
What is the main function of lysosomes within a cell?
What is the main function of lysosomes within a cell?
What is the role of ribosomes in cellular biology?
What is the role of ribosomes in cellular biology?
What is a primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
What is a primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
How do microfilaments contribute to cellular function?
How do microfilaments contribute to cellular function?
What is the role of ribosomes within the cell?
What is the role of ribosomes within the cell?
Which characteristic is true about peroxisomes?
Which characteristic is true about peroxisomes?
What is the primary role of microtubules in the cell?
What is the primary role of microtubules in the cell?
Which of the following best describes the nucleus's function?
Which of the following best describes the nucleus's function?
What is the function of cilia in the cell?
What is the function of cilia in the cell?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry
- The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter.
Organic Compounds
- Contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
- Covalent bonding
- Examples:
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
Inorganic Compounds
- Do not contain carbon in general (some exceptions: carbon dioxide and monoxide)
- Contain ionic and covalent bonding
- Examples:
- Water
- Salts
- Acids
- Bases
Water
- Represents 60-80% of most living things.
- High concentration of H+ creates an acidic environment.
- Low concentration of H+ creates a basic environment.
pH
- Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- Measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+)
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates
- Accessible form of energy (fuel) for the body.
- Composed of the subunit CH2O ("hydrated carbon").
Monosaccharides
- “Mono” = 1 ; “saccharide” = sugar
- Simple sugars, for example: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
- “di” = 2 ; “saccharide” = sugar
- Digestible form of carbohydrates; for example: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides
- “poly” = many ; “saccharide” = sugar
- Complex carbohydrates. Examples:
- Starch (storage form of glucose in plants)
- Glycogen (storage form of glucose in the liver)
- Cellulose (indigestible fiber; structural component of plant cell walls)
Organic Compounds: Lipids
- Hydrophobic (insoluble in water).
- Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), but in different proportions than carbohydrates, giving them different properties.
- Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes.
Fatty Acids and Triglycerides
- Fatty acids are the building blocks for more complex lipids.
- Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.
Phospholipids
- Polar head: hydrophilic (attracts water and charged molecules).
- Non-polar tail: hydrophobic (interacts with non-polar molecules).
- Part of cell membranes.
Properties of Water
- High specific heat: requires a large amount of energy to change state.
- Excellent solvent: dissolves many substances (hydrophilic molecules).
- Surface tension: allows water molecules to bond together.
- Solid water (ice) floats, meaning it is less dense than liquid water.
Inorganic Compounds: Salts
- Electrically neutral ionic compounds (contain no H+ or OH- ions).
- Dissociate in water, forming ions that can conduct electricity.
- Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Importance of Salts (Electrolytes)
- Control water flow in and out of cells.
- Support the nervous system (electrical nerve impulses).
- Muscle contraction.
- Maintain neutral pH in the body.
Osmosis and Osmolarity
- Osmolarity: The number of solute particles per 1L of solvent (mOsm/L)
- Osmosis: The movement of water from a region of low osmolarity to a region of high osmolarity through a semi-permeable membrane.
Inorganic Compounds: Acids and Bases
- Acids: substances that dissociate into free H+ ions (ex. HCl).
- Bases: substances that dissociate into OH- ions (NaOH), removing H+ from a solution.
- Acids and bases are proton donors/acceptors.
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