Jose Rizal's Brussels & Madrid Journey (1890) PDF

LESSON 12 I. Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe; (France and Germany); (1882-1887); II. Jose Rizal First Homecoming in the Philippines); (1887- 1888); (Lesson 7; Topic 2); III. Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to Europe; (Brussels and Madrid); (1888-1892); IV. Jose Rizal Second...

LESSON 12 I. Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe; (France and Germany); (1882-1887); II. Jose Rizal First Homecoming in the Philippines); (1887- 1888); (Lesson 7; Topic 2); III. Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to Europe; (Brussels and Madrid); (1888-1892); IV. Jose Rizal Second Homecoming in the Philippines. (1892- 1896).  On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris, France and moved to Brussels, the capital city of Belgium. Rizal made the decision to leave Paris to economize his expenses and finish the sequel of his Noli Me Tangere, which was the El Filibusterismo. Rizal described Brussels through a letter to Blumentritt; ✓“Rizal said; I am here in Belgium, in the beautiful city of Brussels and perhaps will remain here for a few months.  While in Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel El Filibusterismo, at the same time contributing articles to the La Solidaridad. According to Jose Alejandrino, Rizal's roommate in Brussels. Rizal managed his money meticulously due to lack of funds coming from the Philippines. Rizal also showed his artistic talent by carving two statues, the Triumph of Science Over Death and the Triumph of Death Over Life, which Rizal sent to Ferdinand Blumentritt. Rizal also composed a poem expressing his anguish, deep in his heart; the poem was entitled A Mi Musa (To My Muse).  The following stanzas are important lines from the poem; A Mi Musa (To my Muse); One by one, they have passed on, All I loved and moved among; Now must I ponder deep Dear or married-from me gone, Meditate, and struggle on For all I place my heart upon Even sometimes, I must weep By Faith are verse are stung For he who love would keep Go thou, too, o Muse, depart on, Great pain and sorrow 's blight Other regions fairer find; For my land bid offers art For the laurel, chains that bind.  In Brussels, Jose Rizal suffered from financial difficulties and was then taking its effect, that he wanted to go home to the Philippines. In June of 1890, Rizal wrote Mariano Ponce a letter stating his desire to go home. Rizal stressed in the letter; "I have not received any thing from the Philippines; that is why I am thinking of going back there, as soon as possible, and may God say what will happen next...”.  Jose Rizal compatriots feared for his life in the Philippines, with this situation, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce extended their invitation for Rizal to move in Madrid. While Jose Rizal was preparing to go home to the Philippines, Rizal received a letter from Paciano Rizal, giving him instructions to proceed to Madrid. Rizal had no choice but to follow the advice of his elder brother and confidant Paciano.  Reply to Barrantes' Criticism of the Noli Me Tangere; ✓This article was published in the La Solidaridad in February 15, 1890, were Jose Rizal argued that Barrantes did no read the whole novel and that he had not written the novel for him but for the Philippines. Nameless This article was-published in the La Solidaridad in February 28, 1890, wherein Rizal stated his bitterness to the unfair treatment of the Spanish government in the Philippines to the tenants of Calamba, and that Rizal questioned it, for being impotent against the abuses of the Catholic Corporations. The Philippines at the Spanish Congress This proposal of Rizal which Rizal drafted in the French language, stated 19 propositions of which through his effort, an estate of land will be bought from the British government in Borneo for Filipinos who intend to live and conduct farming in the area. Cosas de Filipinas (Philippine Affairs) Rizal attacked a local Philippine newspaper named El Porvenir de Vesayas for highlighting criminal acts of the government and Civil Guards as valid and just and that Filipinos should be thankful for such actions. Rizal accused the board of censors created by the Spanish government as nod. This article was dated April 30, 1890. The Eastern Fables This work was published in the Trubner's record in July 1889. Jose Rizal compared and cited the similarities and differences of the fables of the Philippines entitled the “Tale of the Tortoise" and Japan "Saru Kani Gassen” or “Battle of the Monkey and the Crab”. Let Us Be Just This article of Rizal which was published in the La Solidaridad dated April 15, 1890.Rizal criticized the implementation of justice in the Philippines and compared it in Europe. Rizal cited the immorality of the friars and Spanish land owners. Una Esperanza (A Hope) In this article of Rizal dated July 15, 1890, Rizal expressed hope after the Spanish minister's party that was in favor of reforms for the Philippines, lost in the Spanish Congress and worst the conservative party expressed its favor to the friar- controlled situation in the Philippines.  Sobre La Nueva Ortografia de la Tagala (On the New Orthography of the Tagalog Language) In this work which was published in the La Solidaridad on April 15, 1890. Jose Rizal used the ancient Tagalog Alphabet and introduced a new orthography in writing and speaking Tagalog for the Filipinos. a, i, u, and The ancient Tagalog alphabet consisted of three vowels; fourteen consonants: ka, ga, nga, ta, ga, nga, ta, da, na, på, ba, ma, ya, la, wa, sa, ha. With these seventeen characters could be expressed before, and now, all the words in our rich language. The vowel a, which abounds or which is more often used, sounds as in Spanish and its use is no different from ifs use in this language. The u in the middle of a word has the same sound as the Spanish u. The t, n, p, b, m, y, i, and s are use, as they have been hitherto, in the same way as Spanish. The essay was published in the La Solidaridad in five successive issues, from July 15 to September I, 1890. Using Rizal annotated work in Morga's Sucessos, Rizal examined with impartiality and using critical method to study the Filipino past and the impact of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Rizal also cited many accounts to prove his case such as Chirino, Colin, Chao Ju-Kua and many others.  The following are important explanations of the essay; ✓Nature is responsible for the presence of this indolence among Filipinos. Rizal pointed that, in the kind of climate the Philippines had, this would make it for a Filipino farmer to work less in the farm than in the cold countries. ✓In addition, Rizal stated, that nature naturally made the land fertile that a farmer does not need to work hard the whole day to insure good harvest. ✓Rizal stated that in the area of industry, Filipinos were recognized by Chinese traders as among the best. ✓Rizal used his annotations from writers who wrote about the Chinese trade in Asia, particularly in the Philippines, like that of Antonio Morga's book "Success de las Islas Filipinas" from which Rizal pointed that the Filipino people are of industrious kind. ❑Rizal pointed two reasons why Filipinos lost their will to work. First: Under the Spanish rule, Filipinos were engaged in defending the Catholic faith and Spanish government in the country. ✓Rizal mentioned the battles of Filipinos against the attempts of the Portuguese, Dutch, to conquer the country. ✓Another is the attack of the Chinese Limahong and Muslim raiders from Mindanao; sporadic insurrections and the group executions of Filipinos who rebelled against the Spanish rule in the country. ✓All these led to the decimation of the population.  Second: Rizal blamed the abuses of the Spanish Encomienderos. ✓Even the friars in our history were inclined to defend their Filipino parishioners due to the blatant tyranny of Spanish land-owners, depriving Filipinos of rights as Christians. ✓The priests also encourage Filipinos to evade work through their sermons because they categorically stated that the rich man would not go to heaven and that all should work for the cause of the church. ✓Rizal also added that further depletion of laborers among Filipinos was due to the Polo y servicio or forced labor, wherein Filipinos were forced to work in construction of Galleons, starting from the hauling of logs to staffing the ships going to Acapulco, Mexico and back to the Philippines.  Rizal’s Temper Tested (Two incident); Jose Rizal after arriving in Madrid, Spain on August 1890, Jose Rizal attended the reunion and festive gathering of Filipinos in Madrid, where an incident happened between him and Antonio Luna. ✓ First incident, when Luna was drunk and in disarray, Luna stated insulting words against Rizal and blaming him for his failure to win the love of Nellie Boustead. ✓ These statements angered Rizal and challenged him to a duel. ✓ On the other side, Luna was equally courageous and accepted the challenge. ✓ Their Filipino compatriots were shocked with such an incident where two of their great friends would fight to death. ✓ Realizing the danger, they explained to the two men that their cause for the Philippines was more important than personal fights. ✓ Luna realized he was wrong and immediately apologized to Rizal who accepted the apology.  Second incident that provoked the anger of Rizal was against Wenceslao E. Retana- an intelligent Spanish scholar who was hired by the Catholic Corporations from the Philippines to counter the Filipino newspaper in Madrid, the La Solidaridad. ✓Based on the account from the writings of W.E. Retana, he explained that Rizal was a man who loved his family. ✓Retana admitted that he wrote and published an article about the tenants and family of Rizal in Calamba, which he stated in his article in La Epoca that Don Jose Rizal arrived in Calamba from Europe and from then on the settlers refused to pay rent, especially the relatives and friends of Rizal.  Retana narrated that, within 24 hours a representative of Rizal came and informed him that Rizal was challenging him to a duel to death. Retana knew Rizal was an expert shooter and good swordsman, he found out, that Antonio Luna in his aborted fight with Rizal, did not accept the challenge of pistols, but opted for the sword, because he knew Rizal’s caliber. Retana also made a realization that Rizal loved his family, more than anything else, and with this reaction, Retana sent Rizal an apology through a published article. In later years, Retana would be the first to write the biography of Rizal and recognized his martyrdom.  On August 19, 1890, two Filipino compatriots of Rizal in Madrid died; ✓They were Feliciano Gonzalez Timbang and Jose Maria Panganiban. ✓Rizal was close to Panganiban that Rizal relay to his friends the last words of Panganiban "Which was, his last words were of loving remembrance to his idolized fatherland, a heartfelt farewell to the Philippines. " With sadness, Rizal wrote an eulogy for Panganiban. On May 1890, Rizal was informed by the Real Audiencia's decision on the Calamba Hacienda case fought by the tenants, principales, farmers and his family. The decision was in favor of the Dominican Catholic Corporation.  Rizal received the information he feared. Toward the end of September 1890, Rizal received a letter from his sister Saturnina of the sad events that overtook their family in Calamba. ✓Saturnina said that his brother-in-laws were again arrested and banished to Mindoro. ✓Saturnina also stated to Rizal, the eviction of the entire family including his father Don Francisco who was then 78 years old in their old house in Calamba. ✓Rizal recounted the sad events in 1892 and signified his loss of hope in Spain by expressing this through a letter to Blumentritt, while he was in Hong Kong.  Letter of Jose Rizal to Blumentritt; It is horrible to describe the dreadful happenings that my family has witnessed in Calamba- sick persons thrown out of their houses; entire families had to pass the night outdoors; the Dominicans forbade the rest of the townspeople io give the unfortunates lodging and hospitality. Terrified, some saw how their houses were being destroyed and burned down by the government soldiers, some of whom refused to do it! Yes, I lost my hope in Spain. For that reason, I shall not write one more word for the La Solidaridad. It seems to me it is in vain. Rizal attempted to ask for “Help” The following incident affected Rizal's loved family in the Philippines, Rizal attempted to save his family while in Europe, using connections and friends to help him. Rizal was desperate, that Rizal attempted to get the help of Spanish politicians such as Don Manuel Becerra but to no avail. Rizal thought of seeing Her Majesty Queen Regent Maria Cristina, but Rizal had no influential friends to help him.  It was like bad omen in Madrid, for Rizal, in early December 1890, received a letter from Leonor Rivera, his true and real love in the Philippines, informing him that her mother compelled her to marry an Englishman named Henry Keeping and that their marriage will be on June 17, 1891. According to compatriots who witnessed Rizal while reading the letter, “Rizal cried in desolation like a child when Rizal received the letter." In deep sadness, Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt about what he felt of the incident. Rizal’s Break-up with Del Pilar Rizal’s conflict with other compatriots never stopped while Rizal was in Madrid. In the traditional New Year’s celebrations and reunion of Filipino compatriot in December of 1890, addressing the division of the Filipino colony in Madrid, Rizal called for unity. However, division was so strong that resulted to an approval of a proposal by electing a leader who will represent the Propaganda Movement. Compatriots of Rizal were divided into two factions, namely; 1. The Rizalista representing Jose Rizal; and 2. The Pilarista, representing Marcelo H. Del Pilar, The Pilarista were one strong group, that Rizal's group would be hard to beat.  However, Antonio Luna sided with Rizal, with other loyal compatriots. In the election that ensued, two inconclusive ballots were held. The next day Rizal walked out, but Del Pilar knowing the importance of Rizal in the colony, instructed Mariano Ponce to convince some Pilarista supporters to vote for Rizal. Rizal was voted as the leader (responsable) of the Filipino colony in Madrid.  On the part of Rizal, it was time for him to leave Madrid and stopped writing for the La Solidaridad permanently, while preparing to publish his second novel entitled El Filibusterismo. In August 1891, Rizal wrote to Del Pilar; ✓ If I stopped writing for La Solidaridad, it was because of several reasons: 1. First, I need time to work on my book (El Filibusterismo); 2. Second, I wanted other Filipinos to work also; 3. Third, I consider it very important to the party that there be unity in the work; and as you are already at the top and I also have my own ideas, it is better to leave you alone to direct the policy such as now you understand it and I do not meddle in it. Jose Rizal's Contributions in the La Solidaridad while in Madrid Cobordo Venganza (Cowardly Revenge); This article dated August 31, 1890, published by Rizal, where Rizal expressed his bitterness to how the Spanish government in the Philippines treated his two brother –in- laws and his elder brother Paciano. Rizal complained the arbitrary banishment done to them by Spanish authorities through the provocation of the Dominican friars in Calamba.  Como Se Gobiernan las Filipinas (How the Philippines is Governed) Rizal explained that the very Spanish government in Philippines from whom its officials who said that problems of all sorts existed in the Philippines, were in fact these officials were the cause the problem. The friars representing the Catholic Church who said that everything was well and wonderful, were in fact the ones gaining from their corporations representing the Catholic Church. Rizal wrote that it was "The Filipinos in general imputed the ills and wretchedness of their country”. The article was published in in the SOL dated December 15, 1890. F. PI. Y Margall: el Luchar Tiempo Nuestro (F. PI. Y Margall: The Struggle of our Time) This was a book review of Rizal, about the book authored by F. PI. Y. Margall, where Rizal presented a dialog on poverty, soul and the Catholic religion. The work was published in the SOL dated November 15, 1890.  Jose Rizal Masonic Speech in Madrid Masoneria (Masonry); A lecture prepared and read by Jose Rizal for the members of the Solidaridad Lodge No. 53, in 1 889, in Madrid. Rizal discussed on the fundamental foundations of Masonry (Sciénce, Virtue and Labor). The following lines are excerpts from the lecture; 1. Science; 2. Virtue; 3. Labor.  In February of 1891, before proceeding to Ghent, Rizal took a one month vacation at Biarritz, France, where Rizal received well by the Boustead family. Mr. Boustead liked Rizal for his excellent literary talents. Rizal wrote to Mariano Ponce about his Biarritz vacation have “I have put on much weight since arrived here: my cheeks are no longer sunken as before for the reason that I go to bed early and I have no cares." Rizal also had romance with Nelly Boustead, the younger daughter of the Boustead family. In late March, Rizal visited Paris, and proceeded to Brussels in the house of Marie and Suzanne Jacoby.  In late May 1891, Rizal finished his El Filibusterismo in Brussels, where he wrote Jose Ma. Basa: My work (EL Filibusterismo) is ready to go to press. The first twenty chapters are already corrected and can be primed, and I am recopying the remainder. If I receive money, you will surely have it in July. I write it with more ardor than the Noli and though it is not so cheerful, at least it is more profound and more perfect.  Rizal Published the El Filibusterismo in Ghent In early July 1891, Jose Rizal, together with Jose Alejandrino and Edelberto Evangelista, left Brussels and moved to Ghent, a place in Belgium where printing was cheaper. Alejandrino and Evangelista enrolled and studied in the famous University of Ghent, taking up courses in the field of Engineering. Rizal suffered financial difficulties in publishing his second novel that the amount of frugality he implemented in himself was an insurmountable sacrifice. Jose Alejandrino recounted that Rizal had to give up breakfast to reduce rents and limited himself to the biscuits for more than 10 days.  Through the following letters of Rizal to Jose Maria Basa in July 1891. Rizal expressed his financial difficulties: 1. I have pawned all I have in order to print this work and I will continue printing it as long as I can, and when I no longer have anything to pawn then I will stop and will return to your side (Hong Kong). 2. I am tired of believing in our countrymen; they all seem to have joined together to embitter my lift; they have been preventing my return, promising to send me an allowance, and after having done it one month, they have not remembered me again. 3. Enclosed is the bill of lading of the four boxes of books ; I am sending there; as I have already told you the charges are payable there. If anything should happen to me, all those books be- come your property, in case my family does not pay you the amount I owe you. The books alone are worth 600 pesos.  Rizal was already desperate in resuming the printing of El Filibusterismo, when a compatriot from Paris, France learned about his financial problems, Valentine Ventura saved the El Filibusterismo. Ventura’s letter as it reads: At this moment I received your letter of yesterday and without loosing time I am answering it, so that you can do what seems to your best, without thinking of the question of funds. Yesterday I sent you two hundred Francs and in the letter I wrote you, I told you to let me know if you needed more, if you need it, without having resort to anyone. Precisely I am well off now with funds that I do not need.  In the middle of September 1 891, Rizal finally published the novel El Filibusterismo. which Rizal began writing in June 1887, wherein Rizal mentioned this in his letter to Mariano Ponce. The draft of the novel was written in different cities of Europe such as in London, Paris, Madrid, Biarritz and Brussels. Rizal dedicated this work to the three martyred priests who were executed in the gallows in Bagumbayan (Luneta). They were Mariano Gomez (85 years), Jose Burgos (30 years) and Jacinto Zamora (35 years). The novel El Filibusterismo was a sequel to Rizal’s earlier work the Noli Me Tangere. In reading the work, there are areas of humor, romance and revolution. In this work of RizaI, he was judged as separatist in some points. El Filibusterismo Synopsis This novel was written in the 19th century by the Philippines National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, then an expatriate in Europe waging a propaganda campaign against tyranny and oppression in his native land. El Filibusterismo is a sequel to his earlier work, Noli Me Tangere, a socio-political novel that depicted the conditions in the Philippine Islands - a colony of Spain for three centuries - under the Spanish yoke.  Simoun, a mysterious and powerful jeweler who is in good graces with the Captain General plots a coup d'etat against the Spanish government. Simoun secretly abets the abuses committed against the natives in the hope of stirring them to rise up in revolt. To weaken the regime, Simoun encourages corruption, using his immense wealth to foment injustice and provoke massive unrest. Unknown to all, Simoun is Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, a man who had been wrongfully accused of rebellion and condemned in a plot instigated by his enemies including a friar who had unchaste feelings for his fiancée, Maria Clara. Everybody thought Ibarra had been killed as a fugitive, but in truth he had escaped, enriched himself abroad and has returned to the islands to avenge himself.  Simoun plans to take Maria Clara who, believing Ibarra is dead, had entered the convent. In the course of his plans, Simoun comes into contact with young idealistic Filipinos whom Simoun wants to enlist to his cause, One of these is Basilio, one of- the few who know his secret. Basilio had been adopted by Kapitan Tiyago, a wealthy landowner and father of Maria Clara. Basilio is about to graduate as doctor of medicine and plans to marry Juli, his childhood sweetheart.  Juli is the daughter of Kabesang Tales, a homesteader who had been dispossessed of his lands by the friars. Turned outlaw, Kabesang Tales and other victims of injustice have been enlisted by Simoun in his plan to overthrow the government. Another student, Isagani, dreams of a progressive future for his Country but his fiancée, Paulita, who shares his Aunt Dona Victorina's prejudices against the natives, is not interested in them. Simoun's plot is aborted when Simoun learns that Maria Ciara had died at the convent. Student leaders who have been advocating the opening of an academy for the teaching of the Spanish language hold a party where they lampoon the friars.  The next day, posters are found encouraging sedition, and those suspected of involvement are arrested, including Basilio. Basilio’s foster father having died, nobody intercedes for him, while the rich and influential are released. Meanwhile, Juli is killed in the church alter she had sought the help of the parish priest for the release of Basilio. Due to this tragedy, Juli’s grandfather, Tandang Selo, joins the outlaws.  Embittered by Maria Clara's death, Simoun plans another coup d’etat to be staged at the wedding reception for Paulita, who has been engaged to another man, top government officials including the Captain general who are to attend would be blown away, the house being planted with explosives which will be detonated by a device hidden in the lamp given as gift by Simoun to the newlyweds, Basilio, who has been released and now wants to take revenge, is ordered by Simoun to lead in the uprising.  At the appointed hour, the guests are terrified upon reading a note signed by Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, his signature is organized by Father Salvi, the friar who lusted after Maria Clara. Before the lamp could explode, Isagani, who has been warned by Basilio about the plot, barges in and throws the lamp into the river and Isagani escapes. The uprising again fails to take off, and the armed followers of Simoun, deprived of leadership or devoid of vision, resort banditry. The lawlessness that reigns in the countryside leads to harsh measures by the government in its efforts to show it if in control.  The plot at the wedding is finally traced to Simoun who escapes into a house near the ocean. After taking poison, Simoun confesses to Father Florentino, a Filipino priest, who tells him: What is the use of independence if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow? After the death of Simoun, Father Florentino throws his treasure into the sea.  Novel of El Filibusterismo, together with the Noli Me Tangere, is said to have sparked the revolution against Spain in 1896. In it, Rizal presented the dilemma faced by the country as the PeopLe groaned under the foreign oppressor; to revolt would only lead to a change of masters, while to do nothing would keep the nation enslaved for generations. Rizal proposes a better way, through Father Florentino as he speaks to the dying Simoun; to educate the natives and when they shall have reached that stage where they would be willing to die for their principles, God Himself will supply the weapon, and "liberty will shine, like the first dawn." Characters of El Filibusterismo Simoun – The Ibarra of the Noli, now represents new ideas using his wealth and influence to destroy the government by, encouraging corruption and anomalous acts, to attain his plan of a revolution that later failed. Maria Clara – She never had Simoun in her life, and after all the sufferings and pains, she had gone through for 13 years, Maria Ciara in the novel finally died in the nunnery. Basilio – The son of Sisa who finished his medical studies through the financial support of Capitan Tiago.  Isagani – Known in the novel as the poet who played the role of young student, whose idealism for the country is manifested in his action. However, due to his love to Paulita, he aborted the plan of Simoun. Paula Gomez –The love of Isagani in the novel, who represented one side of the Filipina womanhood in Philippine society. Her presence in the wedding feast changed the plans of Simoun, due to the intervention of Isagani of throwing the destructive lamp outside.  Cabesang Tales – Represented the tenants of Calamba. He was stripped of his land by the friars, disillusioned, he became an outlaw to attain personal revenge. Her daughter Juli the love of Basilio, committed suicide to her honor against the Catholic Priest Fr. Camorra. School Master – He disobeyed the orders of the friars and taught Spanish to his students; later he was jailed and freed from the influence of Simoun on whom he will give his loyalty by supporting his plan of revolt.  Juli – the love of Basilio, committed suicide to her honor against the Catholic Priest Father Camorra. Father Camorra – the priest who took advantage of Juli.  Reaction of Jose Rizal’s Compatriots to the El Filibusterismo In a letter dated October 2, 1891, Graciano Lopez Jaena stated; ✓ El Filibusterismo is a superior novel to your Noli Me Tangere in its exquisite, delicate literary style, its easy and correct dialogue, its clean, vigorous and elegant phraseology, as much as for its profound ideas and sublime thoughts. Mariano Ponce stated in his letter dated October 11, 1891; ✓ It is truly excellent; I cannot find any other praise. It is a very worthy sister of Noli.  Jose Rizal Proceed to Hong Kong After publishing the El Filibusterismo, Rizal was determined to proceed to Hong Kong and there Rizal unite with his family, before he faced his enemies in the Philippines. On October 18, 1891, Rizal left Europe where Rizal said the following words: "Well! We close the last page of the book of Europe. Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, England, goodbye. " Rizal also left this message to his compatriots in Europe through a letter. Rizal message to his compatriots If our four countrymen are counting on us here in Europe they are very much mistaken. I do not want to deceive anyone. If there is no money, we cannot do much: We can help them with our life in our country. That general error that we help here in this distant country is very, very wrong. Medicine should be brought near to the patient. If I did not only wish to shorten my parent 's lives, I would not have left the Philippines what ever might happen. The battle fields is in the Philippines, there is where we should meet; The letter of Rizal to his compatriots showed him to be a radical, who was advocating actions that bore the line of a revolutionist. Sources De Viana, Agusto (2019). Laon- Laan, A guide for study and understanding of the life and contributions of Jose Rizal to Philippine nationhood and society. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Zaide & Zaide (2011). Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. 2nd Ed. All nations Publishing Co., Inc. Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines. J.A Lopez & A.E Paras.,(2010). Rizal Life Works and Writings of the Greatest Malayan 3rd Edition. HisGoPhil Publishing House, Inc.