L10-Development PDF

Fertilization female aspect cyclic everything is Hypothalamus I Gondotropic Releasing Hormone GO pituitary gland Regulates expression of Gonadotropic Hormones DESH r LH FSH L FolliclestimulatingHormone responsible growth of of estrogen f SH for leading a development or an ovarian ovarian follicle fo...

Fertilization female aspect cyclic everything is Hypothalamus I Gondotropic Releasing Hormone GO pituitary gland Regulates expression of Gonadotropic Hormones DESH r LH FSH L FolliclestimulatingHormone responsible growth of of estrogen f SH for leading a development or an ovarian ovarian follicle follicle production Estrogen leads to ovulation After ovulation the cellsof Corpus luteum LH After oulal produce I c progesterone Is of Corp In m There is NO ovulation if there's no surge Summary GnRH 1 Hypothalamus releases 2 Pituitary gland releases FSHtLH FSH Ovarian LHsurge follicle Estrogen leads to ovulation After ovulation the follicle terms corpus luetum Corpus luetum releases progesterone Progesterone responsible for preparation of the endometrium in the uterus the lining of uterus LH r FSH Estrogen occur in the brain pituitary gland is Progesterone in the uterus pituitonryttormonesm ro follicle surge in LH Needed for ovulation mature oocyte released From follicle the remaining follicle turns into corpuslateomus maturing corpus lutemns releasedprogesterone Ovarian Hormones estrogen increases first Then progesterone Sperm transport or occurs both Female repro systems These happen in conjunction 0 pituitary Hormones in male life of 1 a A sperm mm Housed in the testicles there to epididymis via is a transfer passive testicular fluid 2 Matures in the epidiymis weeks 3 Transfers rapidly throug Ductus Deferens 4 addition of seminal fluid 5 addition of prostatic fluid life of a once sperm mmmm Vagina in to upper Vagina Sperm deposited Ot rapid elevation of pH 2 passage through cervix 3 Passage through Goa uterus 4 Entry to Uterine tubes 5 Passage through 6 Reach egg ios 104 spermswin Gubes uterine tubes contract 102 103 Responsible for estrogen 0 O retsponsible for progesterone f DNA Acrosome seenzymes degrade thorough obstructions mitochondrial sheath needed to powersperm oocyte movement Fresh released ovum is surrounded by Zona pellucida Corona Radicola is layers of follicular cells surrounding in upper mammals the second mieietoic metaphase is on hold until fertilized I oocyte The Zona sperm n is I larger than sperm pellucida will only allow human So same species The plasma membrane of sperm andoocyte need to bind for DNA to be released Sperm How is polysperm prevented When sperm attaches to spy it a charge There in are oocyte this 2 blocks is causes called ZONAL Reaction Fast block electrical depolarization of plasma membrane within 2 3 seconds of spermfusion only last 5mi n slow block involving Catt chemical block that permanent from fusion site Releaseof Polysaccharides Zonal Reaction cortical grounds that are present withinthe Plasma membrane They releaseproducts that diffuse into and degradehydrolyze 2B If no zona pellue 2ps sperm can't bind I depolarization 2 Release or enzymes cat that leads to Development Legg Fallopian Tube Early stage of Kappes in degrading 85 Blastula 1 Abieosis is completed mitosis Begins new DNA for both parents w 2 Cleavage Gona still exists start multiplying all identical So SC in the morula stage are Totipotent and can give rise to any cell 3 Cell 4 The segregation happens inner cell mass Form Blastocyst Trophoblast pluripotent d 31 I only way to get stem cells would be form inner cell mass There is a process of compaction of the cells because zona pellucida does't change size mitosis W Hatching Y offgion nuceli I on.iotic jumps Cp Phyfeosis and caught all happens cell as moves through tubes does't doesn't allow occur a by fallopianthing tube finger Ctimbria the tubes Implantation in because Zora pellucida t Process known as gets degraded Hatching where the Zona allows cell to stick implant Cleavage repeated mitotic divisions of results in increased cell zygote s slow human prowess that takes 6 days each divided cell is called Blastomere Morula tills with uterine fluid cavity forming blastocyst ready to Zona pellucida implant Entrometrium stage highly vaschlanzed happens veery 28days Maternal tissue and embryonic tissues meal New formation in innercellmass 2 layers of cells ppg ay of Ectoderm origin blast EP replaces by be will they another cavity forms Amitic cavity now youhave 2 cavities BlsaHoy te I cells nodefinite Thin one is hypoblast t cavity endoderm Trophoblast invades After implantation into endomertral Gastrulation Morphogenetic movement of aEpiblast Id D wall the cells start moving inward and then outward all pass through prinnitvestreas after passage they become mesoderm where it goes from 2 layers to 3 Gastrulation final leaper form will also define 3 disappers The primate streak mesoderm l transient eleongates Tri laminar Embryo Formation of Somite Ectoderm mesoderm hypoblast mesoderm starts different organizingit.to Anotochordy structures Each layer sereotes things that the cells organize will Forming Somites and intermediate help mesoderm Somites make dermis Mirmes miotomes will give sceleratomes rise to muscle segmented structures Described in Somatte stage Left Right asymmetry due to Hensen's node therease small structures that Have cells containing cilia small tilt a they have gradiant making changes and specific location for a creating organs Mechanical Process We Not Biological formed by 3 layers Ectoderm nm mesoderm are Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm N If vous Skinner muscleheart system derived from Epiblast blood kidney skeleton Endodermis internal organs gut liver lungs Difference between Germ cell t Somatic cell Germ Geils e Germ Layer Gotthemes toGerm cells or inheritany cells sperm theytransmitinheritance egg r Zygote will give rise to somatic telecom cells mortofoureellsanesomat mutations in somatic cells won't be transmitted but in germ cells they will Somatic cells liver lungs muscle nerve From a cell to a The genome Muti cellular Organism is normally identical in everycell Cells Differ in expressing different setsof Protein NOT because they contain differentgeneticinto b b tr t d a b tr k b d d l e The combination of these create different cells Determination cells have remembered positionalvalues that reflect Long before their location rig in the body Bells becomes aspecific ell type they become Regionally determined cells turn ON genes that are markers of position or region in body Cells start budding if you take a chunk from to another scertain you A region could end up with something weird we Determination varies from with time of Development if a is transplanted into neural a trom gastrula certain region for example eye in it will just become somatic tissue BUT if time same thing is lodone at later taken from neurulacmore developed the eye region will become eye like structure Induction inductive signals can create orderly differences between initially identical cells A exposure to different enviornments can change cells that have idential genomes through cell to cell contact GhortRanged diffusion of molecules in extracellular medium f s of woe in extra et 1 medium LongRanged cells release Some factor affecting neighboring Eyperiment cells show Done to induction node Herisen taken from to one embryo the other the region transplated has intruction for another embryo Inductive signals Morphogenesis f will display different consequences Morphogen tor at little It 4 example in rotechord cells release proteins Creating a they T gradient that changes in concentration The molechond releases Hedgehog it keeps diffusing towering then creates neural tube then neural plate concentration then neural plat morphogens can be proteins chemicals that etc different concentrations will w different events cause Differences between Genotype d Phenotype identical twin in we still see differences identical genotype Different phenotype different protein production distant epigenetic factors proteins Model Organisms Vertebrates Why use model organisms we cant we use then just do it on mouse chicken dog humans fish pig monkey At early developent we because very similar process can fertilization zygote use models c forages morula blastula gastrula Sometimes easier on because simple to smaller animals work with CFruittlies Easy to study CFrog Ovo electroporation electrical stimulation can't study implantation of chicken can I study implantation of Yolk sac chicks nutrient provides Placenta provides fetus Vizuatre gastrula neural airs neural broken nutrients wing extension neuroma after gastural is when Only 19days to form Closer to humans neural tube progeny that chicks towns Very easy simple to study Humans start of as segmented vertebra remain overtime our easy to see thruit And too segmented only 558 cells to see Genetic Manipulation of Mice 2 ways to manipulate You can study I Adding information done by trans genesis Transgeneis putting a piece of DNA containg gene Notjust coding needed effect of over expression of gene sequence but everything promoting sequencesplice Everything needed to become matureprotein Elimination 2 Changing information go 9 turret i'on inactivation knock out disruption or deletion of gene mutation knock in you relplace specific amino acids nucteoidtypes in gene protein will be made but or w mutations but voter CRISPR cons faster Transgenic have allowed us mud long to dothis 2 3 months before 2 vs yrs ES derived Mice Transgenic DNA is integrated randomly into pronucleus of fertilized ovum Legg Bigger to mouse due transgenic experiment